合鳃鱼科

合鳃鱼科
	Monopterus albus
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	辐鳍鱼纲 Actinopteri
目：	合鳃目 Synbranchiformes; Boulenger, 1904
科：	合鳃鱼科 Synbranchidae; Bonaparte, 1835
模式种
	Synbranchus marmoratus; Bloch, 1795
属
	见内文

合鳃鱼科（学名：Synbranchidae）为辐鳍鱼纲合鳃目的其中一科，其物种的外型与鳗鱼相似，分布于热带及亚热带的淡水水域^[4]。本科绝大多数物种能够呼吸空气，栖息于沼泽、池塘及潮湿的环境，在水源干涸时，又会埋藏自己于泥内。

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分布

本科鱼类主要分布于全球热带、亚热带淡水水域^[4]；但根据FishBase等的数据，本科物种分布于亚洲印度东部至澳大利亚北部、西非、从墨西哥起始到中美洲及南美洲一带的淡水及咸淡水交界水域^[5]^[6]。

特征

本科鱼类体细长呈圆形，尾细而尖，全体与蛇相似。体裸露无鳞片，成鱼无胸鳍、腹鳍，背鳍与臀鳍退化成皮褶，无鳍条。无鳞、鱼鳔，鳃膜愈合而仅开一孔于腹面。

分类

合鳃鱼科下分4个属25个物种，如下^[5]^[7]：

大孔鳝属（Macrotrema）

大孔鳝属只有：

大孔鳝 Macrotrema caligan Regan, 1912

黄鳝属（Monopterus）

黄鳝属（英语：Monopterus）（Monopterus（英语：Monopterus） Lacepède, 1800）包括有^[8]：

黄鳝 Monopterus albus
双色黄鳝 Monopterus bicolor
布氏黄鳝 Monopterus boueti
山黄鳝 Monopterus cuchia
斯里兰卡黄鳝 Monopterus desilvai
奠边黄鳝 Monopterus dienbienensis
红黄鳝 Monopterus digressus
伊氏黄鳝 Monopterus eapeni
穴栖黄鳝 Monopterus fossorius
霍氏黄鳝 Monopterus hodgarti
艾氏黄鳝 Monopterus ichthyophoides
印度黄鳝 Monopterus indicus
Monopterus luticolus Britz, Doherty-Bone, Kouete, Sykes & Gower, 2016^[9]
Monopterus rongsaw Britz, Sykes, Gower & Kamei, 2018^[10]
罗氏黄鳝 Monopterus roseni

蛇胸鳝属（Ophisternon）

蛇胸鳝属（Ophisternon（英语：Ophisternon） McClelland（英语：John McClelland (doctor)）, 1844）包括下列各种：

穴栖蛇胸鳝 Ophisternon aenigmaticum Rosen & Greenwood, 1976
非洲蛇胸鳝 Ophisternon afrum (Boulenger, 1909)
孟加拉蛇胸鳝 Ophisternon bengalense McClelland, 1844
白蛇胸鳝 Ophisternon candidum (Mees, 1962)^[11]
斑点蛇胸鳝 Ophisternon gutturale (Richardson, 1845)
阴曹蛇胸鳝 Ophisternon infernale (Hubbs, 1938)：又称幽鳝。

Rakthamichthys属

Rakthamichthys digressus (Gopi. 2002) ^[12]
Rakthamichthys roseni (Bailey & Gans 1998) ^[12]

合鳃鱼属（Synbranchus）

合鳃鱼属（Synbranchus（英语：Synbranchus） Bloch, 1795）包括下列各物种：

兰普雷亚合鳃鱼 Synbranchus lampreia
玻利维亚合鳃鱼 Synbranchus madeirae
合鳃鱼 Synbranchus marmoratus

生态

本科鱼类栖息于泥沼地，白天潜伏于洞穴内，夜晚才活动觅食，属肉食性，以各种水生小型动物为食，口腔内壁表皮与肠均具有呼吸功能，能直接呼吸空气。

经济利用

可作为食用鱼。

参考文献

[1]
Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke. Family-group names of Recent fishes. Zootaxa. 2014, 3882 (2): 001–230 [2022-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-10）（英语）.
[2]
Robert A. Travers. A review of the Mastacembeloidei, a suborder of Synbranchoform teleost fish Part 2: Phylogenetic analysis. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 1985, 47: 83–151 [2022-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-15）（英语）.
[3]
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (编). Synbranchus. Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. [11 November 2019].
[4]
Perdices, A.; Doadrio, I.; Bermingham, E. Evolutionary history of the synbranchid eels (Teleostei: Synbranchidae) in Central America and the Caribbean islands inferred from their molecular phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. November 2005, 37 (2): 460–473. PMID 16223677. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.020 （英语）.
[5]
Family Synbranchidae. FishBase. [2022-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-09）（英语）.
[6]
Berra, Tim M. Freshwater Fish Distribution. University of Chicago Press. 2008 [2022-08-28]. ISBN 978-0-226-04443-9. （原始内容存档于2022-08-12）.
[7]
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson. Fishes of the World 5th. Wiley. 2016: 381–383 [2022-10-09]. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. （原始内容存档于2019-04-08）（英语）.
[8]
Systematic Parasitology 51: 149–153
[9]
Ralph Britz, Thomas Doherty-Bone, Marcel Kouete, Dan Sykes and David Gower. 2016. Monopterus luticolus, A New Species of Swamp Eel from Cameroon (Teleostei: Synbranchidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters. 27(4); 309-323.
[10]
Ralf Britz, Dan Sykes, David J. Gower and Rachunliu G. Kamei. 2018. Monopterus rongsaw, A New Species of Hypogean Swamp Eel from the Khasi Hills in Northeast India (Teleostei: Synbranchiformes: Synbranchidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. IEF-1086:1-12 DOI: 10.23788/IEF-1086
[11]
Glenn I. Moore, William F. Humphreys and Ralph Foster. 2018. New Populations of the Rare Subterranean Blind Cave Eel Ophisternon candidum (Synbranchidae) reveal Recent Historical Connections throughout north-western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research. DOI: 10.1071/MF18006
[12]
Ralf Britz, Neelesh Dahanukar, Ariane Standing, Siby Philip, Biju Kumar and Rajeev Raghavan. 2020. Osteology of ‘Monopterus’ roseni with the Description of Rakthamichthys, New Genus, and Comments on the Generic Assignment of the Amphipnous Group Species (Teleostei: Synbranchiformes). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. IEF-1163; 1-16. DOI: 10.23788/IEF-1163

[VDLEF-1] [1]
Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke. Family-group names of Recent fishes. Zootaxa. 2014, 3882 (2): 001–230 [2022-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-10）（英语）.

[Travers-2] [2]
Robert A. Travers. A review of the Mastacembeloidei, a suborder of Synbranchoform teleost fish Part 2: Phylogenetic analysis. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 1985, 47: 83–151 [2022-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-15）（英语）.

[CofF-3] [3]
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (编). Synbranchus. Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. [11 November 2019].

[Perdices2005-4] [4]
Perdices, A.; Doadrio, I.; Bermingham, E. Evolutionary history of the synbranchid eels (Teleostei: Synbranchidae) in Central America and the Caribbean islands inferred from their molecular phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. November 2005, 37 (2): 460–473. PMID 16223677. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.020 （英语）.

[FishBase-5] [5]
Family Synbranchidae. FishBase. [2022-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-09）（英语）.

[6] [6]
Berra, Tim M. Freshwater Fish Distribution. University of Chicago Press. 2008 [2022-08-28]. ISBN 978-0-226-04443-9. （原始内容存档于2022-08-12）.

[Nelson5-7] [7]
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson. Fishes of the World 5th. Wiley. 2016: 381–383 [2022-10-09]. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. （原始内容存档于2019-04-08）（英语）.

[8] [8]
Systematic Parasitology 51: 149–153

[9] [9]
Ralph Britz, Thomas Doherty-Bone, Marcel Kouete, Dan Sykes and David Gower. 2016. Monopterus luticolus, A New Species of Swamp Eel from Cameroon (Teleostei: Synbranchidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters. 27(4); 309-323.

[10] [10]
Ralf Britz, Dan Sykes, David J. Gower and Rachunliu G. Kamei. 2018. Monopterus rongsaw, A New Species of Hypogean Swamp Eel from the Khasi Hills in Northeast India (Teleostei: Synbranchiformes: Synbranchidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. IEF-1086:1-12 DOI: 10.23788/IEF-1086

[11] [11]
Glenn I. Moore, William F. Humphreys and Ralph Foster. 2018. New Populations of the Rare Subterranean Blind Cave Eel Ophisternon candidum (Synbranchidae) reveal Recent Historical Connections throughout north-western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research. DOI: 10.1071/MF18006

[Ralf-12] [12]
Ralf Britz, Neelesh Dahanukar, Ariane Standing, Siby Philip, Biju Kumar and Rajeev Raghavan. 2020. Osteology of ‘Monopterus’ roseni with the Description of Rakthamichthys, New Genus, and Comments on the Generic Assignment of the Amphipnous Group Species (Teleostei: Synbranchiformes). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. IEF-1163; 1-16. DOI: 10.23788/IEF-1163

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