锯针蚁属 (Odontomachus ) 又称大齿猛蚁属，隶属蚁科针蚁亚科，栖息于热带和亚热带，为肉食性。
锯针蚁属具有触发式大颚 (trap-jaw)，大颚能以极快的速度关上，以捕捉猎物或是透过反作用力弹飞自己躲避敌人。
总览
锯针蚁属英文俗名trap-jaw ants ，锯针蚁属有一对发达的大颚，打开的角度可达180度。大颚可以透过内部的结构固定在打开的姿势，大颚的内部生有一对用来感知的板机毛 (trigger-hair)，当猎物触碰到板机毛 (trigger-hair) 时大颚便会快速关上，大颚强而有力，且运动速度极快，锯针蚁属的英文俗名便是由此而来，大颚命中猎物时会杀死或使猎物残废。如果大颚没有命中目标，锯针蚁属可以重复地固定大颚、击发大颚，除此之外，锯针蚁属也可以像其他蚂蚁一样正常开阖大颚。锯针蚁属也会利用大颚来击飞敌人，或是弹飞自己以躲避敌人[1][2]。
锯针蚁属的幼虫外形特殊[3]，其身体上生有长长的肉脊，且其背部生有黏着垫，可以用来黏在蚁巢的墙壁上[4]。幼虫为肉食性，幼虫会蜕皮三次[4]，幼虫会利用其他介质结茧[5]。
大颚运动的速度
锯针蚁属大颚运动的速度是动物界中第二快的[1]，第一快的是德古拉蚁 (Mystrium camillae )[6]。有研究指出 Odontomachus bauri 大颚运动的速度介于时速 126 ~ 230 公里。大颚关上的时间平均为 130 微秒。加速度可达 1 000 000 m/s²。
拟态
Enoplomischus 属的跳蛛会拟态成锯针蚁属[7]。
分布
锯针蚁属分布于中南美洲、亚洲、澳洲与非洲[8]。有研究指出在美国“Odontomachus haematodus 1956年在阿拉巴马州被记录到，但近期研究者指出该物种已沿着墨西哥湾散播，最远至佛罗里达州的彭萨科拉[9]。”Magdalena Sorger则指出，“在过去，Odontomachus ruginodis 的分布范围被认为局限在奥兰多地区，而近期有一笔 O. ruginodis 的纪录出现在奥兰多北边超过100英里处，位于佛罗里达州的盖恩斯维尔[10]。”而 Odontomachus relictus 则只在佛罗里达中部发现，栖息于长有灌木丛的沙脊地形中[11]。
物种
共73个现生物种，3个化石物种[12]
- Odontomachus aciculatus F. Smith, 1863
- 近缘大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus affinis Guerin-Meneville, 1844
- Odontomachus alius Sorger & Zettel, 2011
- Odontomachus allolabis Kempf, 1974
- Odontomachus angulatus Mayr, 1866
- Odontomachus animosus Smith, 1860
- Odontomachus assiniensis Emery, 1892
- Odontomachus banksi Forel, 1910
- Odontomachus bauri Emery, 1892
- Odontomachus biolleyi Forel, 1908
- Odontomachus biumbonatus Brown, 1976
- Odontomachus bradleyi Brown, 1976
- Odontomachus brunneus (Patton, 1894)
- Odontomachus caelatus Brown, 1976
- Odontomachus cephalotes Smith, 1863 (Indonesia, Australia, etc.)
- Odontomachus chelifer (Latreille, 1802)
- 环纹大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus circulus Wang, 1993
- Odontomachus clarus Roger, 1861
- Odontomachus coquereli Roger, 1861
- Odontomachus cornutus Stitz, 1933
- Odontomachus desertorum Wheeler, 1915
- Odontomachus erythrocephalus Emery, 1890
- Odontomachus floresensis Brown, 1976 (Indonesia: Flores)
- 光亮大齿猛蚁Odontomachus fulgidus Wang, 1993
- 粒纹大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus granatus Wang, 1993
- 血色大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1758) (South America, introduced to Australia prior to 1876); type species
- Odontomachus hastatus (Fabricius, 1804)
- Odontomachus imperator Emery, 1887
- Odontomachus infandus Smith, 1858
- Odontomachus insularis Guérin-Méneville, 1844
- Odontomachus kuroiwae (Matsumura, 1912)
- Odontomachus laticeps Roger, 1861
- Odontomachus latidens Mayr, 1867
- Odontomachus latissimus Viehmeyer, 1914
- Odontomachus malignus Smith, 1859
- Odontomachus mayi Mann, 1912
- Odontomachus meinerti Forel, 1905
- Odontomachus minangkabau Satria, Kurushima, Herwina, Yamane & Eguchi, 2015
- Odontomachus montanus Stitz, 1925
- 山大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus monticola Emery, 1892 高山锯针蚁
- 妖大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus mormo Brown, 1976
- Odontomachus nigriceps Smith, 1860
- Odontomachus opaciventris Forel, 1899
- Odontomachus opaculus Viehmeyer, 1912
- †Odontomachus paleomyagra Wappler, Dlussky, Engel, Prokop & Knor, 2014[13]
- Odontomachus panamensis Forel, 1899
- Odontomachus papuanus Emery, 1887
- Odontomachus pararixosus Terayama & Ito, 2014
- Odontomachus peruanus Stitz, 1933
- Odontomachus philippinus Emery, 1893
- Odontomachus procerus Emery, 1893
- †Odontomachus pseudobauri (De Andrade, 1994)
- Odontomachus relictus Deyrup & Cover, 2004
- 争吵大齿猛蚁Odontomachus rixosus Smith, 1857
- Odontomachus ruficeps Smith, 1858 (Australia)
- Odontomachus rufithorax Emery, 1911
- Odontomachus ruginodis Smith, 1937
- Odontomachus saevissimus Smith, 1858
- Odontomachus scalptus Brown, 1978
- Odontomachus schoedli Sorger & Zettel, 2011
- Odontomachus scifictus Sorger & Zettel, 2011
- 西氏大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus silvestrii W.M. Wheeler, 1927
- Odontomachus simillimus F. Smith, 1858 (Australia, Fiji, etc.)
- †Odontomachus spinifer De Andrade, 1994
- Odontomachus spissus Kempf, 1962
- Odontomachus sumbensis Brown, 1976
- 直齿大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus tensus Wang, 1993
- Odontomachus testaceus Emery, 1897
- Odontomachus troglodytes Santschi, 1914 (Africa, Madagascar, Inner Seychelles)
- Odontomachus turneri Forel, 1900 (Australia)
- Odontomachus tyrannicus Smith, 1859
- 西藏大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus xizangensis Wang, 1993
- Odontomachus yucatecus Brown, 1976
参考资料
外部链接
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