成见威胁

成见威胁（英语：stereotype threat）是指一个人在某种环境里，会担忧或焦虑自己的行为，将会验证那些对于自己所属社会群体的负面刻板印象，而这种焦虑将会影响该人的表现，使得他的表现变差。成见威胁于1995年被引进至学术界上，从此成为社会心理学范畴上经常被目。

成见威胁（此处简写为ST者，其中high ST为成见威胁高的情况；low ST为成见威胁度低的情况；Number of correct answers是答对的题数；蓝方块是男生在两种情境下各别的表现；红圈圈是女生在两种情境下各别的表现）对女生和男生数学分数造成的影响。资料取自奥斯玻恩（Osborne）（2007）。^[1]

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对表现的影响

有超过三百篇已出版的研究，都在多个领域里发现了成见威胁对表现的影响。^[2]成见威胁是否会出现和任务是被贴上何种标签有关。如果任务被贴上中性的标签，那成见威胁就较不会出现；然而若测验附有与既有成见相合的内容的话，那参与者就有可能会有较差的表现。像例如对国际象棋下棋者的研究显示，若女性参与这被告知说对手是男性的话，她们的表现就会比预期的来得差；相反地，若女性参与这被告知对手是女性的话，其表现就会和依过去纪录所预期的一致。^[3]被提醒说“女性在国际象棋方面的表现比男性差”这样的刻板印象的女性参与者，其表现会较差。

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参考文献

引用

1. Osborne, Jason W. Linking Stereotype Threat and Anxiety. Educational Psychology. 2007, 27 (1): 135–154. ISSN 0144-3410. doi:10.1080/01443410601069929.
2. Stroessner, Steve; Good, Catherine. Stereotype Threat: An Overview (PDF). dingo.sbs.arizona.edu. Reducing Stereotype Threat.org. [6 March 2011]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-06-04）.
3. Maass, Anne; D'Ettole, Claudio; Cadinu, Mara. Checkmate? The role of gender stereotypes in the ultimate intellectual sport. European Journal of Social Psychology. 2008, 38 (2): 231–245. ISSN 0046-2772. doi:10.1002/ejsp.440.

来源

• Aronson, E., Wilson, T.D., & Akert, A.M. (2005). Social Psychology (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Aronson, J., Lustina, M. J., Good, C., Keough, K., Steele, C. M., & Brown, J. (1999). When white men can’t do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 29-46.
• Sackett, P. R.; Hardison, C. M.; & Cullen, M. J. (Jan., 2004). On Interpreting Stereotype Threat as Accounting for African American–White Differences on Cognitive Tests. American Psychologist, 59(1), 7–13.
• Steele, C. M. & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African-Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69(5), 797-811.
• Steele, C. M., Spencer, S., & Aronson, J. (2002). Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Vol. 37. Academic Press.

延伸阅读

• Inzlicht, Michael; Schmader, Toni. Stereotype Threat: Theory, Process, and Application. Oxford University Press. 2011 [2020-12-12]. ISBN 9780199732449. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.
• Gladwell, Malcolm. The Art of Failure: Why some people choke and others panic. The New Yorker. 21 August 2000 [29 May 2011]. （原始内容存档于14 May 2011）.
• Walton, Gregory M.; Murphy, Mary C.; Ryan, Ann Marie. Stereotype rhreat in organizations: implications for equity and performance. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. April 2015, 2: 523–550. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111322.
• Pruysers, Scott; Blais, Julie. Why won't Lola run? An experiment examining stereotype threat and political ambition. Politics & Gender. June 2017, 13 (2): 232–252. doi:10.1017/S1743923X16000544.
• Spencer SJ, Logel C, Davies PG. Stereotype Threat. Annual Review of Psychology. January 2016, 67: 415–37. PMID 26361054. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-073115-103235.

外部链接

• American Psychology Association statement: "Stereotype Threat Widens Achievement Gap" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• "Understanding Stereotype Threat" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from University of California, Berkeley
• "Reducing Stereotype Threat" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from Washington University in St. Louis