乳杆菌属

乳杆菌属^[1]（学名：Lactobacillus）或乳酸杆菌属^[2]、乳酸菌属^[3]，简称乳杆菌、乳酸杆菌、乳酸菌，是乳杆菌目乳杆菌科的一属，为不形成芽孢、兼性厌氧的革兰氏阳性杆菌。因在酸奶形成的发酵过程中发现而得名。

乳杆菌属
围绕在阴道单层扁平上皮细胞周围的乳杆菌
科学分类
域：	细菌域 Bacteria
门：	芽孢杆菌门 Bacillota
纲：	芽孢杆菌纲 Bacilli
目：	乳杆菌目 Lactobacillales
科：	乳杆菌科 Lactobacillaceae
属：	乳杆菌属 Lactobacillus Beijerinck, 1901
种
见内文

乳杆菌可发酵碳水化合物，如分解乳糖，并产生大量乳酸与能量。由于乳杆菌在代谢过程中可以产生有机酸、细菌素、过氧化氢、双乙酞等多种天然抑菌物质，因此是人类口腔、肠道和阴道的益生菌。乳杆菌具有维持体内菌群平衡，降低胆固醇水平，提高机体免疫力，促进营养物质吸收等多种功能^[4]。

在人体肠道微生物群中，乳杆菌是重要菌群之一，它与肠道微生态系统的调节和代谢、免疫的调控密切相关^[5]。在人体阴道微生物群中，以产过氧化氢的乳杆菌为优势菌，在维持阴道微生态平衡方面发挥重要作用^[6]。

乳杆菌可用于制造液态酸奶、固态奶酪、德国酸菜、啤酒、葡萄酒、泡菜、腌渍食品和其他发酵食品。益生菌能够帮助消化，有助人体肠脏的健康，因此酸奶被视为健康食品。

物种

本属包括以下物种：^[7]

• 耐酸乳杆菌 Lactobacillus acetotolerans Entani et al., 1986
• Lactobacillus acidifarinae Vancanneyt et al., 2005
• Lactobacillus acidipiscis Tanasupawat et al., 2000
• 嗜酸乳杆菌 Lactobacillus acidophilus (Moro, 1900) Hansen & Mocquot, 1970，嗜酸杆菌
• 嗜酸产气乳杆菌 Lactobacillus acidophil-aerogenes ，嗜酸产气杆菌，嗜酸产气乳杆菌
• 嗜酸病原乳杆菌 Lactobacillus acidophilus-pathogenes
• 敏捷乳杆菌 Lactobacillus agilis Weiss et al., 1982
• 嗜醇乳杆菌 Lactobacillus alcoholphilus
• Lactobacillus algidus Kato et al., 2000
• Lactobacillus alimentarius
• Lactobacillus amylolyticus Bohak et al., 1999
• Lactobacillus amylophilus Nakamura & Crowell, 1981
• Lactobacillus amylovorus Nakamura, 1981
• Lactobacillus animalis Dent & Williams, 1983
• Lactobacillus antri Roos et al., 2005
• Lactobacillus apinorum Olofsson et al., 2014
• Lactobacillus apis Killer et al., 2014
• Lactobacillus apodemi Osawa et al., 2006
• Lactobacillus aquaticus Mañes-Lázaro et al., 2009
• Lactobacillus agrestimuris Afrizal et al. 2023^[8]
• 禽乳杆菌 Lactobacillus aviarius Fujisawa et al., 1985，鸟乳杆菌^[9]
• Lactobacillus backii Tohno et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus bifermentans (ex Pette and van Beynum 1943) Kandler et al. 1983^[10]
• Lactobacillus bombi Killer et al., 2014
• Lactobacillus bombicola Praet et al., 2015
• Lactobacillus brantae Volokhov et al., 2012
• 短乳杆菌 Lactobacillus brevis (Orla-Jensen, 1919) Bergey et al., 1934
• Lactobacillus buchneri (Henneberg, 1903) Bergey et al., 1923
• Lactobacillus cacaonum De Bruyne et al., 2009
• Lactobacillus camelliae Tanasupawat et al., 2007
• Lactobacillus capillatus Chao et al., 2008
• 干酪乳杆菌 Lactobacillus casei (Orla-Jensen, 1916) Hansen & Lessel, 1971
• Lactobacillus caviae Killer et al., 2017
• Lactobacillus cerevisiae Koob et al., 2017
• Lactobacillus ceti Monteros, Goyache, Herraez, Tames, Cruz, Dominguez & Fernandez-Garayzabal, 2008
• Lactobacillus ceti Vela et al., 2008
• Lactobacillus coleohominis Nikolaitchouk et al., 2001
• Lactobacillus colini Zhang et al., 2017
• Lactobacillus collinoides Carr & Davies, 1972
• Lactobacillus composti Endo & Okada, 2007
• Lactobacillus concavus Tong & Dong, 2005
• Lactobacillus corticis Tohno et al. 2021^[11]
• Lactobacillus coryniformis Abo-Elnaga & Kandler, 1965
• Lactobacillus crispatus (Brygoo & Aladame, 1953) Moore & Holdeman, 1970
• Lactobacillus crustorum Scheirlinck et al., 2007
• Lactobacillus curieae Lei et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus curvatus (Troili-Petersson, 1903) Abo-Elnaga & Kandler, 1965
• 德氏乳杆菌 Lactobacillus delbrueckii (Leichmann 1896) Beijerinck 1901
  • 德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种 Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus，保加利亚乳杆菌
  • 德氏乳杆菌指名亚种 Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii
  • Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis
• 糊精乳杆菌 Lactobacillus dextrinicus (Coster & White, 1964) Haakensen et al., 2009
• Lactobacillus diolivorans Krooneman et al., 2002
• Lactobacillus equi Morotomi et al., 2002
• Lactobacillus equicursoris Morita et al., 2010
• Lactobacillus equigenerosi Endo et al., 2008
• Lactobacillus fabifermentans De Bruyne et al., 2009
• Lactobacillus faecis Endo et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus farciminis (ex Reuter 1970) Reuter 1983^[12]，为Companilactobacillus farciminis (Reuter 1983 ex Reuter 1970) Zheng et al. 2020的异名
• Lactobacillus farraginis Endo & Okada, 2007
• 发酵乳杆菌 Lactobacillus fermentum Beijerinck, 1901
• Lactobacillus floricola Kawasaki et al., 2011
• Lactobacillus florum Endo et al., 2010
• Lactobacillus formosensis Chang et al., 2015
• Lactobacillus fornicalis Dicks et al., 2000
• Lactobacillus fructivorans Charlton et al., 1934
• Lactobacillus frumenti Müller et al., 2000
• Lactobacillus fuchuensis Sakala et al., 2002
• Lactobacillus furfuricola Irisawa et al., 2014
• Lactobacillus futsaii Chao et al., 2012
• Lactobacillus gallinarum Fujisawa et al., 1992
• 加氏乳杆菌 Lactobacillus gasseri Lauer & Kandler, 1980
• Lactobacillus gastricus Roos et al., 2005
• 加纳乳杆菌 Lactobacillus ghanensis Nielsen et al., 2007
• Lactobacillus gigeriorum Cousin et al., 2012
• Lactobacillus gorillae Tsuchida et al., 2014
• Lactobacillus graminis Beck et al., 1989
• Lactobacillus hammesii Valcheva et al., 2005
• Lactobacillus hamsteri Mitsuoka & Fujisawa, 1988
• 哈尔滨乳杆菌 Lactobacillus harbinensis Miyamoto et al., 2006
• Lactobacillus hayakitensis Morita et al., 2007
• 黑龙江乳杆菌 Lactobacillus heilongjiangensis Gu et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus helsingborgensis Olofsson et al., 2014
• Lactobacillus helveticus (Orla-Jensen, 1919) Bergey et al., 1925
• Lactobacillus herbarum Mao et al., 2015
• Lactobacillus hilgardii Douglas & Cruess, 1936
• Lactobacillus hokkaidonensis Tohno et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus hominis Cousin et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus hordei Rouse et al., 2008
• 惰性乳杆菌 Lactobacillus iners Falsen et al., 1999
• Lactobacillus ingluviei Baele et al., 2003
• Lactobacillus insicii Ehrmann et al., 2016
• Lactobacillus intestinalis (ex Hemme 1974) Fujisawa et al. 1990^[13]
• Lactobacillus isalae Eilers et al. 2023^[14]
• Lactobacillus iwatensis Tohno et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus ixorae Techo et al., 2016
• Lactobacillus jensenii Gasser et al., 1970
• 约翰逊乳杆菌 Lactobacillus johnsonii Fujisawa et al., 1992
• Lactobacillus kalixensis Roos et al., 2005
• Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens Fujisawa et al., 1988
• Lactobacillus kefiri Kandler & Kunath, 1983
• Lactobacillus kimbladii
• Lactobacillus kimchicus Liang et al., 2011
• Lactobacillus kimchiensis Kim et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus kisonensis Watanabe et al., 2009
• Lactobacillus kitasatonis Mukai et al., 2003
• 朝鲜乳杆菌 Lactobacillus koreensis Bui et al., 2011
• Lactobacillus kullabergensis Olofsson et al., 2014
• Lactobacillus kunkeei Edwards et al., 1998
• Lactobacillus lindneri
• Lactobacillus malefermentans
• Lactobacillus mali Carr & Davies, 1970
• Lactobacillus manihotivorans Morlon-Guyot et al., 1998
• Lactobacillus mellifer Olofsson et al., 2014
• Lactobacillus mellis Olofsson et al., 2014
• Lactobacillus melliventris Olofsson et al., 2014
• Lactobacillus mindensis Ehrmann et al., 2003
• Lactobacillus mixtipabuli Tohno et al., 2015
• Lactobacillus modestisalitolerans Miyashita et al., 2015
• Lactobacillus mucosae Roos et al., 2000
• 牡丹江乳杆菌 Lactobacillus mudanjiangensis Gu et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus mulieris Rocha et al. 2020^[15]
• Lactobacillus murinus Hemme et al., 1982
• Lactobacillus nagelii Edwards et al., 2000
• Lactobacillus namurensis Scheirlinck et al., 2007
• Lactobacillus nantensis Valcheva et al., 2006
• Lactobacillus nasalidis Suzuki-Hashido et al. 2021^[16]
• Lactobacillus nasuensis Cai et al., 2012
• 嫩江乳杆菌 Lactobacillus nenjiangensis Gu et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus nodensis Kashiwagi et al., 2009
• Lactobacillus odoratitofui Chao et al., 2010
• Lactobacillus oeni Mañes-Lázaro et al., 2009
• Lactobacillus oligofermentans Koort et al., 2005
• Lactobacillus oris Farrow & Collins, 1988
• Lactobacillus oryzae Tohno et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus otakiensis Watanabe et al., 2009
• Lactobacillus ozensis Kawasaki et al., 2011
• Lactobacillus panis Wiese et al., 1996
• Lactobacillus panisapium Wang et al. 2018^[17]
• Lactobacillus pantheris Liu & Dong, 2002
• Lactobacillus parabrevis Vancanneyt et al., 2006
• Lactobacillus parabuchneri Farrow et al., 1989
• 副干酪乳杆菌 Lactobacillus paracasei Collins et al., 1989
• Lactobacillus paracollinoides Suzuki et al., 2004
• Lactobacillus parafarraginis Endo & Okada, 2007
• Lactobacillus paragasseri Tanizawa et al. 2018^[18]
• Lactobacillus parakefiri Takizawa et al., 1994
• Lactobacillus paralimentarius Cai et al., 1999
• Lactobacillus paraplantarum Curk et al., 1996
• Lactobacillus pasteurii Cousin et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus paucivorans Ehrmann et al., 2010
• Lactobacillus pentosiphilus Tohno et al., 2017
• Lactobacillus pentosus
• Lactobacillus perolens Back et al., 2000
• Lactobacillus plajomi Miyashita et al., 2015
• 植物乳杆菌 Lactobacillus plantarum (Orla-Jensen, 1919) Bergey et al., 1923
• Lactobacillus pobuzihii Chen et al., 2010
• Lactobacillus pontis Vogel et al., 1994
• Lactobacillus porci
• Lactobacillus porcinae Nguyen et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus psittaci Lawson et al., 2001
• Lactobacillus rapi Watanabe et al., 2009
• Lactobacillus rennini Chenoll et al., 2006
• Lactobacillus reuteri Kandler et al., 1982
• 鼠李糖乳杆菌 Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Hansen, 1968) Collins et al., 1989
• Lactobacillus rodentium Killer et al., 2014
• Lactobacillus rogosae Holdeman & Moore, 1974
• Lactobacillus rossiae Corsetti et al., 2005
• Lactobacillus ruminis Sharpe et al., 1973
• Lactobacillus saerimneri Pedersen & Roos, 2004
• Lactobacillus sakei Katagiri et al., 1934
• 唾液乳杆菌 Lactobacillus salivarius Rogosa et al., 1953
• 旧金山乳杆菌 Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis (ex Kline and Sugihara 1971) Weiss and Schillinger 1984
• Lactobacillus saniviri Oki et al., 2012
• Lactobacillus satsumensis Endo & Okada, 2005
• Lactobacillus secaliphilus Ehrmann et al., 2007
• Lactobacillus selangorensis (Leisner et al., 2000) Haakensen et al., 2011
• Lactobacillus senioris Oki et al., 2012
• Lactobacillus senmaizukei Hiraga et al., 2008
• Lactobacillus sharpeae Weiss et al., 1982
• 深圳乳杆菌 Lactobacillus shenzhenensis Zou et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus sicerae Puertas et al., 2014
• Lactobacillus silagei Tohno et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus silagincola Tohno et al., 2017
• Lactobacillus siliginis Aslam et al., 2006
• 相似乳杆菌 Lactobacillus similis Kitahara et al., 2010
• 松花江乳杆菌 Lactobacillus songhuajiangensis Gu et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus spicheri Meroth et al., 2004
• Lactobacillus suantsaicola Lin et al., 2020
• Lactobacillus sucicola Irisawa & Okada, 2009
• Lactobacillus suebicus Kleynmans et al., 1989
• Lactobacillus sunkii Watanabe et al., 2009
• 台湾乳杆菌 Lactobacillus taiwanensis Wang et al., 2009
• 泰国乳杆菌 Lactobacillus thailandensis Tanasupawat et al., 2007
• Lactobacillus tucceti Chenoll et al., 2009
• Lactobacillus ultunensis Roos et al., 2005
• Lactobacillus uvarum Mañes-Lázaro et al., 2009
• Lactobacillus vaccinostercus Kozaki & Okada, 1983
• Lactobacillus vaginalis Embley et al., 1989
• Lactobacillus versmoldensis Kröckel et al., 2003
• Lactobacillus vespulae Hoang et al., 2015
• Lactobacillus vini Rodas et al., 2006
• Lactobacillus wasatchensis Oberg et al., 2016
• 襄樊乳杆菌 Lactobacillus xiangfangensis Gu et al., 2012
• 徐建国氏乳杆菌 Lactobacillus xujianguonis
• Lactobacillus yonginensis Yi et al., 2013
• Lactobacillus zeae
• Lactobacillus zymae Vancanneyt et al., 2005

参见

• 益生菌
• 酸奶
• 益力多
• 可尔必思

参考资料

1. 乳杆菌. 术语在线. 全国科学技术名词审定委员会. （简体中文）
2. 乳酸桿菌屬. 乐词网. 国家教育研究院 （中文（台湾））.
3. 农业部林业及自然保育署. 台湾物种名录 https://taicol.tw/zh-hant/taxon/t0088229. 缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
4. 植物乳杆菌及其应用研究. 食品与生物技术学报.
5. 王海霞, 邢会霞, 马晓红, 等. 人体肠道乳杆菌的最新研究进展[J]. 中国微生态学杂志, 2017, 29(8).
6. 刘胡林, 徐兴然, 凌开建, 等. 阴道微生物组：种群特征与疾病干预治疗. 生物工程学报, 2021, 37(11): 3801-3811
7. Lactobacillus Beijerinck, 1901. GBIF. [2022-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-09）. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
8. Afrizal A, Jennings SAV, Hitch TCA, Riedel T, Basic M, Panyot A, Treichel N, Hager FT, Wong EO, Wolter B, et al. Enhanced cultured diversity of the mouse gut microbiota enables custom-made synthetic communities. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1630-1645.
9. Fujisawa T, et al. Lactobacillus aviarius sp.nov.: a new species isolated from the intestines of chickens. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 5: 414-420, 1984.
10. Kandler O, Schillinger U, Weiss N. Lactobacillus bifermentans sp. nov., nom. rev., an Organism Forming CO(2) and H(2) from Lactic Acid. Syst Appl Microbiol 1983; 4:408-412.
11. Tohno M, Tanizawa Y, Kojima Y, Sakamoto M, Ohkuma M, Kobayashi H. Lactobacillus corticis sp. nov., isolated from hardwood bark. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71:4882.
12. Reuter G. Lactobacillus alimentarius sp. nov., nom rev. and Lactobacillus farciminis sp. nov., nom. rev. Syst Appl Microbiol 1983; 4:277-279.
13. Fujisawa T, Itoh K, Benno Y, Mitsuoka T. Lactobacillus intestinalis (ex Hemme 1974) sp. nov., nom. rev., isolated from the intestines of mice and rats. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1990; 40:302-304.
14. Eilers T, Dillen J, Ahannach S, Vander Donck L, Van de Vliet N, Wittouck S, Lebeer S. Lactobacillus isalae sp. nov., isolated from the female reproductive tract. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:6038.
15. Rocha J, Botelho J, Ksiezarek M, Perovic SU, Machado M, Carrico JA, Pimentel LL, Salsinha S, Rodriguez-Alcala LM, Pintado M, et al. Lactobacillus mulieris sp. nov., a new species of Lactobacillus delbrueckii group. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:1522-1527.
16. Suzuki-Hashido N, Tsuchida S, Hayakawa T, Sakamoto M, Azumano A, Seino S, Matsuda I, Ohkuma M, Ushida K. Lactobacillus nasalidis sp. nov., isolated from the forestomach of a captive proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71:4787.
17. Wang C, Huang Y, Li L, Guo J, Wu Z, Deng Y, Dai L, Ma S. Lactobacillus panisapium sp. nov., from honeybee Apis cerana bee bread. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:703-708.
18. Tanizawa Y, Tada I, Kobayashi H, Endo A, Maeno S, Toyoda A, Arita M, Nakamura Y, Sakamoto M, Ohkuma M, et al. Lactobacillus paragasseri sp. nov., a sister taxon of Lactobacillus gasseri, based on whole-genome sequence analyses. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:3512-3517.

外部链接

• Prakash, S. et al. “The Gut Microbiota and Human Health with an Emphasis on the Use of Microencapsulated Bacterial Cells”, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology (2011),（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• 维基物种上的相关信息：乳杆菌属
• List of species of the genus Lactobacillus
• Interna （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• tionally certified patented strains （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）