各地同性恋、双性恋与跨性别者的权利(LGBT)的法律处境,光谱广泛且差异极大。部分国家承认同性婚姻或其他形式的同性结合,视LGBT为人类群体多样性的一部分;亦有国家视同性性行为或变装为非法行为,施加监禁甚至死刑等刑罚。
此条目内容疑欠准确,有待查证。 (2022年4月15日) |
范畴
LGBT权利的人权论述在1990年代左右展开,由国际LGBTI联合会、国际立即行动、国际特赦组织以及人权观察等非政府组织提倡,并逐渐为欧洲、加拿大、美国的司法实体和联合国吸纳运用[1][2]。
LGBT权利的立法范畴包括但不限于:
- 废除对于合意的成年同性性行为的刑事处罚(性悖轨法)
- 政府承认同性关系(同性婚姻或民事结合等形式)
- 政府承认LGBT抚养的亲属关系,允许LGBT收养
- 平等取用人工生殖技术
- 增强对LGBT群体仇恨犯罪的刑事处罚,禁止LGBT迫害
- 反霸凌立法措施,保护LGBT孩童或学生
- 工作就业和房屋租赁方面的反歧视措施
- 不同性倾向和性别群体平等从军服役
- 移民平权(英语:Immigration equality)措施
- 允许男男性接触人群捐血
- 跨性别者可施行性别重置手术和性别肯定激素治疗(GAHT)
- 政府允许性别变更登记(承认其性别身份)
- 保证成年异性性行为和成年同性性行为的同意年龄平等
- 保证LGBT权利相关的言论自由以及集会自由、结社自由
历史
2011年,联合国通过首份承认LGBT权利的决议案,随后并提出侵犯LGBT权利的报告,具体调查世界各国境内仇恨罪、同性性行为之刑事定罪以及相关歧视等行为。[3][4]
截至2024年8月,有38个国家[a]承认同性婚姻并赋予其LGBT公民上述列表的全部或大多数权利,其中大多数国家位于美洲和西欧[5]。
63个国家[b]和3个地方政府或属地[c]仍有对同性性行为定罪的法律(这当中有些国家遗留殖民时期的条款未实际执行,但也有实际执行和起诉的国家,各国情况不一;也有法律无明显对同性性行为定罪,但在事实上以游荡、卖淫、猥亵等名义逮捕的情况),其中大部分国家位于亚洲和非洲[6][7][8][9]。匈牙利、格鲁吉亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、立陶宛、俄罗斯、波兰、伊拉克、中国等国制定了限制LGBT权利表达自由的法案[10]。
法律来源
此章节论述以部分区域为主,未必有普世通用的观点。 |
根据学者们的推测,最早有关于亚伯拉罕诸教法律中可能反对同性性行为的纪录,是出于公元前550年时巴比伦囚虏中的犹太人,在他们的经典利未记中纪载[d],规定男男之间的同性性交处以死刑。而在同一个时代,在许多的其他宗教信仰中同性关系是被包容的。
一些人们因此相信亚伯拉罕诸教信仰是法律处罚同性性行为的源头,不过类似的情形也在印欧语系民族的文化中可以发现,比如古罗马律法Lex Scantinia以及原始日耳曼民族的神话nith,或者是公元前1075年的亚述法律纪录。[11].
透过传统犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教的阐释,惩罚同性性行为的法律持续地在历史上延续。随着殖民主义的到来,那些亚伯拉罕诸教信仰的国家,将这种价值观伴随着帝国主义的政治控制扩张到世界各地。
中国传统理念中对于同性恋情并没有明确地指责,甚至在部分地区存在有“契兄弟”相称的同性情侣[12],《红楼梦》等名著中也多有描写。近代以来,由于殖民统治时期传入的亚伯拉罕宗教思想及民间传统观念对于生育的认知,同性恋成为了一种“罪恶”与不洁的道德。中华人民共和国建立后,曾一度将同性性行为列入流氓罪进行处罚,直到1997年才除罪化。[13] 通常法律反对同性性行为和主要支持者时,亚伯拉罕诸教信仰是主要因素。但是事实上中国的流氓罪定义笼统,且法律本身并不针对同性恋群体。又由于文化大革命时期执法的随意性,这给予了世俗中的反对婚前性行为者惩罚违背传统生育理念以及同性性行为者的借口,而且实际案例也相对较少。法律界对此是否能将1997年将流氓罪具体化视为对同性性行为的非罪化与去污名化,以及是否存在同性性行为法定有罪的情况目前有争议。[14]
全球概况
这是一份有关世界各地对于同性恋关系的法律列表,各洲及各国以英文字母顺序排列。必须注意地是,不应该将这份列表做为横量各国各地区对待同性恋的标准来看待。一些国家虽然保留了消极反对的法律,但政府本身并没有强力执行这些法律去压迫同性恋。相反地,有的国家虽然没有法律明定同性恋有罪,但在主流文化上对同性恋存在敌意,并对同性恋个体进行压迫。将同性恋视为违法的国家中,不是将所有同性性交都视为非法犯罪,就是单独定义男男性交犯罪,没有国家单独地定义女女性交违法犯罪。现行依然有超过70国家将同性之间的性行为视非法,一些将异性间的非生殖性行为也包含进去。而未达法定承诺年龄的同性性行为,除非法律上有特别注记不然和其他异性恋情况是一样。 截至2024年,联合国195个会员国及观察员国里,有106个从未对同性性行为定罪或者实现了对同性性行为的除罪化。
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从未非法 | |
18世纪 | |
19世纪 | |
20世纪 | 列表
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21世纪 |
各洲概况
非洲LGBT权益列表 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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北部非洲
西部非洲
中部非洲
东南部非洲
非洲之角
印度洋国家
南部非洲
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亚洲LGBT权益列表 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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东亚
东南亚
中亚
北亚
西亚
南亚
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欧盟参见:欧盟LGBT权益
北欧
西欧
中欧
东欧
南欧
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美洲LGBT权益列表 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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北美洲
中美洲
加勒比海
南美洲
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大洋洲LGBT权益列表 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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澳大拉西亚
美拉尼西亚
密克罗尼西亚
波利尼西亚
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参见
注解
- 非洲:阿尔及利亚、布隆迪、喀麦隆、查德、科摩罗、埃及(事实上违法)、厄立特里亚、埃塞俄比亚、冈比亚、加纳、几内亚、肯尼亚、利比里亚、利比亚、马拉维、毛里塔尼亚、摩洛哥(包括西撒哈拉)、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂共和国、索马里、索馬利蘭、南苏丹、苏丹、斯威士兰、坦桑尼亚、多哥、突尼斯、乌干达、赞比亚、津巴布韦。
- 亚洲:阿富汗、孟加拉、文莱、伊朗、伊拉克、科威特、黎巴嫩、马来西亚、马尔代夫、缅甸、朝鲜(事实上违法)、阿曼、巴基斯坦、卡塔尔、沙地阿拉伯、斯里兰卡、叙利亚、土库曼斯坦、阿拉伯联合酋长国、乌兹别克斯坦、也门。
- 美洲:格林纳达、圭亚那、牙买加、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯。
- 大洋洲:基里巴斯、巴布亚新几内亚、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛、汤加、图瓦卢。
- 虽然一些保守的学者认为年代要更早于利未记
- 当时德国分为东德和西德,东德于稍早的1968年除罪化
- 只按联合王国四个构成国计算,不包括共和联邦和英国海外领土,其中英格兰和威尔士于1967年合法,苏格兰于1981年,1982年北爱尔兰合法后全国均合法
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