粗安岩

粗安岩（英語：Trachyandesite）是一種噴出火成岩，成分介於粗面岩和安山岩之間。它幾乎不含游離石英，以鈉質斜長石和鹼長石為主。它是由富含鹼金屬和中含量的二氧化矽的熔岩冷卻形成的^[1]^[2]。到 1985 年，粗安岩一詞未被廣汎引用，但後來又被用來描述在TAS 分類S3 區域內的噴出火成岩。粗安岩又分為富含鈉的歪長粗面岩和富含鉀的安粗岩 ^[3]。粗安岩岩漿可產生爆炸性的普林尼式火山噴發，例如，1815 年在坦博拉的噴發^[4]。 2010 年，Eyjafjallajökull 火山噴發^[5] 擾亂了歐洲和跨大西洋10 月 14 日至 18 日的航行^[6] 。其中一段時間里以噴發粗安岩為主^[7]。

岩石學

粗安岩的特徵是二氧化矽含量接近 58%，總鹼金屬氧化物含量接近 9%。在TAS 圖的 S3 區域內^[8]。粗安岩的特點是鈉斜長石含量高，通常是中長石，並且含有至少 10% 的鹼長石。常見的鎂鐵質副礦物有角閃石、黑雲母或輝石。有少量霞石，磷灰石是常見的副礦物^[2]。粗安岩在 QAPF分類圖表中不是公認的岩石類型，該分類基於實際礦物含量。在這種分類中，安粗岩被認可，而歪長粗面岩被歸類於安粗岩或安山岩領域^[8]。

粗安岩的岩漿的硫含量相對較高，它們的火山噴發可以向平流層注入大量的硫^[9]。在岩漿中的硫被含在硬石膏的斑晶內^[10]。 1982 年的 El Chichón 噴發產生了富含硬石膏的粗安岩的浮石，並釋放出 2.2 × 107 公噸硫^[11]。

品種

富含鈉的粗安岩（%Na₂O > %K₂O + 2）被稱為歪長粗面岩，而含鉀較多的被稱為安粗岩。含有似長石的安粗岩有時被稱為鹼長粗安岩(tristanite )^[12]。玄武岩質粗安岩是趨向玄武岩的過渡物，同樣有兩個變種，橄欖粗安岩（富鈉）和橄欖玄粗岩（富鉀）(shoshonite)^[8]。

產地

粗安岩是屬鹼性岩漿系列的一員，其中鹼性玄武岩岩漿在地下時經歷了分離結晶。這個過程從岩漿中去除鈣、鎂和鐵^[13] ^[14] ^[15]。因此，粗安岩在鹼性岩漿噴發的任何地方都有，包括海洋島嶼的晚期噴發^[16] ^[14]以及大陸裂谷和地幔柱^[17]。粗安岩在黃石地區被發現，屬於Absaroka 火山超群的一部分^[18]。在中美洲^[19]和坦博拉山^[20]的弧形火山噴發物也有。

參考文獻

[1]
McBirney, Alexander R. (1984). Igneous petrology. San Francisco, Calif.: Freeman, Cooper. p. 503. ISBN 0198578105.
[2]
Neuendorf, Klaus K.E.; Mehl, James P. Jr.; Jackson, Julia A. (2011). Glossary of geology (Fifth revised ed.). American Geological Institute. ISBN 9781680151787.
[3]
Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, A. L. (September 1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks". Journal of the Geological Society. 148 (5): 825–833. Bibcode:1991JGSoc.148..825L. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825. S2CID 28548230.
[4]
Self, S.; Gertisser, R.; Thordarson, T.; Rampino, M. R.; Wolff, J. A. (2004). "Magma volume, volatile emissions, and stratospheric aerosols from the 1815 eruption of Tambora" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 31 (20): L20608. Bibcode:2004GeoRL..3120608S. doi:10.1029/2004GL020925. hdl:20.500.11820/6925218f-d09e-4f9d-9f2e-3ab8419b223f. S2CID 56290102.
[5]
Eyjafjallajokull. Eruptive history. Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
[6]
Woodhouse, M. J.; Hogg, A. J.; Phillips, J. C.; Sparks, R. S. J. (January 2013). "Interaction between volcanic plumes and wind during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, Iceland: VOLCANIC PLUMES AND WIND" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 118 (1): 92–109. doi:10.1029/2012JB009592.
[7]
Donovan, Amy R; Oppenheimer, Clive (March 2011). "The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption and the reconstruction of geography: Commentary". The Geographical Journal. 177 (1): 4–11. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2010.00379.x.
[8]
Philpotts and Ague 2009
[9]
Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2004). Volcanism. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 262. ISBN 9783642189524.
[10]
Carroll, M. R.; Rutherford, Malcolm. J. (1 October 1987). "The Stability of Igneous Anhydrite: Experimental Results and Implications for Sulfur Behavior in the 1982 El Chichon Trachyandesite and Other Evolved Magmas". Journal of Petrology. 28 (5): 781–801. doi:10.1093/petrology/28.5.781.
[11]
Luhr, James F.; Logan, M.Amelia V. (September 2002). "Sulfur isotope systematics of the 1982 El Chichón trachyandesite: an ion microprobe study". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 66 (18): 3303–3316. Bibcode:2002GeCoA..66.3303L. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00931-6.
[12]
Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–141. ISBN 9780521880060.
[13]
Macdonald, Gordon A. (1983). Volcanoes in the sea : the geology of Hawaii (2nd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 0824808320.
[14]
Philpotts and Ague 2009, pp. 369-370
[15]
Rondet, Morgane; Martel, Caroline; Bourdier, Jean-Louis (December 2019). "The intermediate step in fractionation trends of mildly alkaline volcanic suites: An experimental insight from the Pavin trachyandesite (Massif Central, France)". Comptes Rendus Geoscience. 351 (8): 525–539. Bibcode:2019CRGeo.351..525R. doi:10.1016/j.crte.2019.07.003.
[16]
MacDonald 1983, pp. 51-52
[17]
Philpotts and Ague 2009, pp. 390–394
[18]
Nelson, Willis H.; Pierce, William Gamewell (1968). "Wapiti formation and Trout Peak Trachyandesite, northwestern Wyoming". U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. 1254-H. doi:10.3133/b1254H.
[19]
Luhr, James F.; Logan, M.Amelia V. Sulfur isotope systematics of the 1982 El Chichón trachyandesite: an ion microprobe study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. September 2002, 66 (18): 3303–3316. Bibcode:2002GeCoA..66.3303L. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00931-6.
[20]
Self, S.; Rampino, M. R.; Newton, M. S.; Wolff, J. A. (1 November 1984). "Volcanological study of the great Tambora eruption of 1815". Geology. 12 (11): 659–663. Bibcode:1984Geo....12..659S. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<659:VSOTGT>2.0.CO;2.

[”1”-1] [1]
McBirney, Alexander R. (1984). Igneous petrology. San Francisco, Calif.: Freeman, Cooper. p. 503. ISBN 0198578105.

[”2”-2] [2]
Neuendorf, Klaus K.E.; Mehl, James P. Jr.; Jackson, Julia A. (2011). Glossary of geology (Fifth revised ed.). American Geological Institute. ISBN 9781680151787.

[”3”-3] [3]
Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, A. L. (September 1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks". Journal of the Geological Society. 148 (5): 825–833. Bibcode:1991JGSoc.148..825L. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825. S2CID 28548230.

[”4”-4] [4]
Self, S.; Gertisser, R.; Thordarson, T.; Rampino, M. R.; Wolff, J. A. (2004). "Magma volume, volatile emissions, and stratospheric aerosols from the 1815 eruption of Tambora" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 31 (20): L20608. Bibcode:2004GeoRL..3120608S. doi:10.1029/2004GL020925. hdl:20.500.11820/6925218f-d09e-4f9d-9f2e-3ab8419b223f. S2CID 56290102.

[”5”-5] [5]
Eyjafjallajokull. Eruptive history. Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 26 August 2020.

[”6”-6] [6]
Woodhouse, M. J.; Hogg, A. J.; Phillips, J. C.; Sparks, R. S. J. (January 2013). "Interaction between volcanic plumes and wind during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, Iceland: VOLCANIC PLUMES AND WIND" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 118 (1): 92–109. doi:10.1029/2012JB009592.

[”7”-7] [7]
Donovan, Amy R; Oppenheimer, Clive (March 2011). "The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption and the reconstruction of geography: Commentary". The Geographical Journal. 177 (1): 4–11. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2010.00379.x.

[”8”-8] [8]
Philpotts and Ague 2009

[”9”-9] [9]
Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2004). Volcanism. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 262. ISBN 9783642189524.

[”10”-10] [10]
Carroll, M. R.; Rutherford, Malcolm. J. (1 October 1987). "The Stability of Igneous Anhydrite: Experimental Results and Implications for Sulfur Behavior in the 1982 El Chichon Trachyandesite and Other Evolved Magmas". Journal of Petrology. 28 (5): 781–801. doi:10.1093/petrology/28.5.781.

[”11”-11] [11]
Luhr, James F.; Logan, M.Amelia V. (September 2002). "Sulfur isotope systematics of the 1982 El Chichón trachyandesite: an ion microprobe study". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 66 (18): 3303–3316. Bibcode:2002GeCoA..66.3303L. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00931-6.

[”12”-12] [12]
Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–141. ISBN 9780521880060.

[”13”-13] [13]
Macdonald, Gordon A. (1983). Volcanoes in the sea : the geology of Hawaii (2nd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 0824808320.

[”14”-14] [14]
Philpotts and Ague 2009, pp. 369-370

[”15”-15] [15]
Rondet, Morgane; Martel, Caroline; Bourdier, Jean-Louis (December 2019). "The intermediate step in fractionation trends of mildly alkaline volcanic suites: An experimental insight from the Pavin trachyandesite (Massif Central, France)". Comptes Rendus Geoscience. 351 (8): 525–539. Bibcode:2019CRGeo.351..525R. doi:10.1016/j.crte.2019.07.003.

[”16”-16] [16]
MacDonald 1983, pp. 51-52

[”17”-17] [17]
Philpotts and Ague 2009, pp. 390–394

[”18”-18] [18]
Nelson, Willis H.; Pierce, William Gamewell (1968). "Wapiti formation and Trout Peak Trachyandesite, northwestern Wyoming". U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. 1254-H. doi:10.3133/b1254H.

[luhr-logan-2002-19] [19]
Luhr, James F.; Logan, M.Amelia V. Sulfur isotope systematics of the 1982 El Chichón trachyandesite: an ion microprobe study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. September 2002, 66 (18): 3303–3316. Bibcode:2002GeCoA..66.3303L. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00931-6.

[”19”-20] [20]
Self, S.; Rampino, M. R.; Newton, M. S.; Wolff, J. A. (1 November 1984). "Volcanological study of the great Tambora eruption of 1815". Geology. 12 (11): 659–663. Bibcode:1984Geo....12..659S. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<659:VSOTGT>2.0.CO;2.

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