蘭格模型最初為應對奧地利學派的質疑而產生。其由波蘭經濟學家奧斯卡·R·蘭格在1936年提出,隨後由H. D. Dickinson、阿巴·勒那 等經濟學家不斷擴充而形成,涵蓋了新古典經濟學家維弗雷多·帕累托和里昂·瓦爾拉斯的理論,強調帕累托均衡的重要性。在帕累托均衡條件下,任何改變都無法使得任何個體不在損害其他個體福祉的情形下變得更好(即從此以後,非損人不能利己)。為達成帕累托均衡,必須要有一定的條件,因而里昂·瓦爾拉斯稱只要能滿足這一系列的條件,便能實現帕累托均衡,故而即便是公有制的社會主義經濟也可以產生資本主義經濟一樣的理性價格機制。這一理論極大推動了市場社會主義理論的發展。[3]
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