鉍-209

鉍-209，²⁰⁹Bi
基本
符號	209Bi
名稱	鉍-209、Bi-209
原子序	83
中子數	126
核質數據
豐度	100%
半衰期	2.01×1019年
母同位素	209Pb (β−); 209Po (β+); 213At (α)
衰變產物	205Tl
原子量	208.9803987 u
自旋	9/2−
過剩能量	−18 258.461± 2.4 keV
結合能	7847.987± 1.7 keV
衰變模式
衰變類型	衰變能量（MeV）
α衰變	3.1373
	鉍的同位素 ; 完整核素表

鉍-209（²⁰⁹Bi）是鉍的同位素之一，具有極微弱的放射性，半衰期長達2.01×10¹⁹年，是鉍最穩定的同位素，也是所有發生α衰變的放射性同位素中已知半衰期最長的。它有83個質子和126個中子，原子質量爲208.9803987原子質量單位。其中子數126為幻數，因此具有特別的穩定性。鉍-209是鉍最普遍的同位素，幾乎占天然鉍的100%。

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衰變特性

長期以來，人們認爲鉍-209是所有元素中最重的穩定同位素，但2003年，法國奧賽天體物理和空間研究所的一個研究小組發現²⁰⁹Bi具有放射性，其發生α衰變的半衰期約爲1.9×10¹⁹年^[2]^[3]，超過宇宙年齡的十億倍。^[4]現在公認最穩定的最大質量數核素是鉛-208。

在不受外界影響的情況下，鉍-209衰變産生3.14兆電子伏的α粒子，並嬗變爲鉈-205：^[5]

\mathrm {^{209}_{\ 83}Bi\ {\xrightarrow[{}]{}}\ _{\ 81}^{205}Tl\ +_{\ 2}^{\ 4}He}

在人工干預下（比如在反應堆中或使用加速器），鉍-209可以參加鉛－鉍中子俘獲循環。鉛-206/207/208直到鉍-209都可以參加這一循環，但是俘獲截面都相當低。^[6]^[7]

由於鉍-209超長的半衰期，對於其應用來說，²⁰⁹Bi仍然可以被當作非放射性物質處理。它的放射性比人體的放射性低得多，因此不會造成任何意義上的輻射傷害。雖然²⁰⁹Bi創造了α衰變的半衰期記錄，但其半衰期並不是實驗上確認的放射性核素中最長的；這一殊榮屬於碲-128（¹²⁸Te)，其雙β衰變的半衰期估計爲7.7×10²⁴年。^[8]而當今宇宙年齡不過為7010137989999999999♠(1.3799±0.021)×10¹⁰年。^[9]^[10]

2012年，意大利大薩索國家實驗室（Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso）團隊驗證了鉍-209α衰變的半衰期值，他們報告的數據是7019200999999999999♠(2.01±0.08)×10¹⁹年。他們還發現了鉍-209經α衰變到鉈-205的第二種路徑，即從鉍-209衰變為鉈-205第一激發態。這個反應的半衰期更長，估計爲1.66×10²¹年。^[11]盡管這兩個半衰期都比碲-128的半衰期短，但其α粒子能譜的半峰寬是目前觀測到最小的，根據海森堡測不准原理估計分別爲ΔΕ~5.5×10^-43eV和ΔΕ~1.3×10^-44eV。^[12]

用途

因為天然鉍完全由鉍-209組成，所以所有鉍的用途都可看作是鉍-209的用途，如鉛的替代品、^[13]^[14]化妝品、^[15]^[16]油漆^[17]和像是次水楊酸鉍的藥物。^[4]^[18]^[19]

合成其它元素

²¹⁰Po可通過在核反應堆中用中子轟擊²⁰⁹Bi來製造^[20]，全世界每年²¹⁰Po的產量約為100克左右。^[21]^[20]²⁰⁹Po和²⁰⁸Po則可由質子轟擊²⁰⁹Bi而成。^[22]用α粒子轟擊²⁰⁹Bi則能得到砈。^[23]^[24]^[25]

²⁰⁹Bi也可用於合成如𨧀、^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]𨨏、^[26]^[30]䥑、^[31]^[32]^[33]錀^[34]^[35]^[36]和鉨^[37]^[38]^[39]等超重元素。

核合成

在漸近巨星支的紅巨星中，鉍-209和釙-210經由S-過程(慢速過程)通過中子俘獲而形成。此二核素是S-過程產生的最重元素。所有比它們更重的元素都是在R-過程（快速過程）中形成的，該過程發生在超新星爆發前十五分鐘。^[40]

參見

鉍的同位素

腳註

相鄰較輕同位素: 鉍-208	鉍-209是鉍的同位素	相鄰較重同位素: 鉍-210
母同位素：砈-213 (α) 釙-209 (β⁺) 鉛-209 (β⁻)	鉍-209的衰變鏈	衰變產物為鉈-205 (α)

參考文獻

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[NUBASE2016-1] [1]
Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 2017, 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001.

[2] [2]
Dumé, Belle. Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay. Physicsweb. 2003-04-23 [2020-12-18]. （原始內容存檔於2017-12-13）.

[3] [3]
Marcillac, Pierre de; Noël Coron; Gérard Dambier; Jacques Leblanc; Jean-Pierre Moalic. Experimental detection of α-particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth. Nature. April 2003, 422 (6934): 876–878. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..876D. PMID 12712201. doi:10.1038/nature01541.

[Kean209Bi-4] [4]
Kean, Sam. The Disappearing Spoon (and other true tales of madness, love, and the history of the world from the Periodic Table of Elements). New York/Boston: Back Bay Books. 2011: 158–160. ISBN 978-0-316-051637.

[5] [5]
Isotope data for americium-241 in the Periodic Table. [2020-12-18]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-14）.

[Seeger.fowler-6] [6]
Philip A. Seeger; William A. Fowler; Donald D. Clayton. Nucleosynthesis of Heavy Elements by Neutron Capture. clemson.edu. NASA. [2020-12-21]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-28）.

[clayton.fowler-7] [7]
D.D Clayton; W.A Fowler; T.E Hull; B.A Zimmerman. Neutron capture chains in heavy element synthesis. Annals of Physics: 331–408. doi:10.1016/0003-4916(61)90067-7.

[8] [8]
Archived copy. [2013-01-10]. （原始內容存檔於2011-09-28）. Tellurium-128 information and half-life. Accessed July 14, 2009.

[Planck_2015-9] [9]
Planck Collaboration. Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters (See PDF, page 32, Table 4, Age/Gyr, last column).. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2016, 594: A13. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. arXiv:1502.01589 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830.

[NASA_on_Planck_2015-10] [10]
Lawrence, C. R. Planck 2015 Results (PDF). 2015-03-18 [2016-11-24]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-11-24）.

[11] [11]
J.W. Beeman; et al. First Measurement of the Partial Widths of ²⁰⁹Bi Decay to the Ground and to the First Excited States. Physical Review Letters. 2012, 108 (6): 062501. PMID 22401058. arXiv:1110.3138 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.062501.

[12] [12]
Particle lifetimes from the uncertainty principle. [2020-12-18]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-12）.

[13] [13]
Hopper KD; King SH; Lobell ME; TenHave TR; Weaver JS. The breast: inplane x-ray protection during diagnostic thoracic CT—shielding with bismuth radioprotective garments. Radiology. 1997, 205 (3): 853–8. PMID 9393547. doi:10.1148/radiology.205.3.9393547.

[lohse-14] [14]
Lohse, Joachim; Zangl, Stéphanie; Groß, Rita; Gensch, Carl-Otto; Deubzer, Otmar. Adaptation to Scientific and Technical Progress of Annex II Directive 2000/53/EC (PDF). European Commission. September 2007 [11 September 2009]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-07-31）.

[15] [15]
Maile, Frank J.; Pfaff, Gerhard; Reynders, Peter. Effect pigments—past, present and future. Progress in Organic Coatings. 2005, 54 (3): 150. doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2005.07.003.

[16] [16]
Pfaff, Gerhard. Special effect pigments: Technical basics and applications. Vincentz Network GmbH. 2008: 36. ISBN 978-3-86630-905-0.

[Ullmann-17] [17]
B. Gunter "Inorganic Colored Pigments」 in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2012.

[Madisch-2008-18] [18]
Madisch A, Morgner A, Stolte M, Miehlke S. Investigational treatment options in microscopic colitis. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. December 2008, 17 (12): 1829–37. PMID 19012499. S2CID 72294495. doi:10.1517/13543780802514500.

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Merck Index, 11th Edition, 1299

[Po210why-20] [20]
Roessler, G. Why ²¹⁰Po? (PDF). Health Physics News. Vol. 35 no. 2 (Health Physics Society). 2007 [2019-06-20]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2014-04-03）.

[21] [21]
Swiss study: Polonium found in Arafat's bones. Al Jazeera. [2013-11-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-26）.

[po484-22] [22]
Carvalho, F.; Fernandes, S.; Fesenko, S.; Holm, E.; Howard, B.; Martin, P.; Phaneuf, P.; Porcelli, D.; Pröhl, G.; Twining, J. The Environmental Behaviour of Polonium. Technical reports series 484. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 2017: 22. ISBN 978-92-0-112116-5. ISSN 0074-1914.

[BartonAt-23] [23]
Barton, G. W.; Ghiorso, A.; Perlman, I. Radioactivity of Astatine Isotopes. Physical Review. 1951, 82 (1): 13–19 [2022-12-23]. Bibcode:1951PhRv...82...13B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.82.13. hdl:2027/mdp.39015086480574. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-10）.

[LarsenAt-24] [24]
Larsen, R. H.; Wieland, B. W.; Zalutsky, M. R. J. Evaluation of an Internal Cyclotron Target for the Production of ²¹¹At via the ²⁰⁹Bi (α,2n)²¹¹At reaction. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 1996, 47 (2): 135–143. PMID 8852627. doi:10.1016/0969-8043(95)00285-5.

[Ru1968At-25] [25]
Nefedov, V. D.; Norseev, Yu. V.; Toropova, M. A.; Khalkin, Vladimir A. Astatine. Russian Chemical Reviews. 1968, 37 (2): 87–98. Bibcode:1968RuCRv..37...87N. S2CID 250775410. doi:10.1070/RC1968v037n02ABEH001603.

[DbandBh-26] [26]
Munzenberg; Hofmann, S.; Heßberger, F. P.; Reisdorf, W.; Schmidt, K. H.; Schneider, J. H. R.; Armbruster, P.; Sahm, C. C.; Thuma, B. Identification of element 107 by α correlation chains. Z. Phys. A. 1981, 300 (1): 107–108. Bibcode:1981ZPhyA.300..107M. S2CID 118312056. doi:10.1007/BF01412623.

[27] [27]
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