鋸針蟻屬 (Odontomachus ) 又稱大齒猛蟻屬，隸屬蟻科針蟻亞科，棲息於熱帶和亞熱帶，為肉食性。
鋸針蟻屬具有觸發式大顎 (trap-jaw)，大顎能以極快的速度關上，以捕捉獵物或是透過反作用力彈飛自己躲避敵人。
總覽
鋸針蟻屬英文俗名trap-jaw ants ，鋸針蟻屬有一對發達的大顎，打開的角度可達180度。大顎可以透過內部的結構固定在打開的姿勢，大顎的內部生有一對用來感知的板機毛 (trigger-hair)，當獵物觸碰到板機毛 (trigger-hair) 時大顎便會快速關上，大顎強而有力，且運動速度極快，鋸針蟻屬的英文俗名便是由此而來，大顎命中獵物時會殺死或使獵物殘廢。如果大顎沒有命中目標，鋸針蟻屬可以重複地固定大顎、擊發大顎，除此之外，鋸針蟻屬也可以像其他螞蟻一樣正常開闔大顎。鋸針蟻屬也會利用大顎來擊飛敵人，或是彈飛自己以躲避敵人[1][2]。
鋸針蟻屬的幼蟲外形特殊[3]，其身體上生有長長的肉脊，且其背部生有黏着墊，可以用來黏在蟻巢的牆壁上[4]。幼蟲為肉食性，幼蟲會蛻皮三次[4]，幼蟲會利用其他介質結繭[5]。
大顎運動的速度
鋸針蟻屬大顎運動的速度是動物界中第二快的[1]，第一快的是德古拉蟻 (Mystrium camillae )[6]。有研究指出 Odontomachus bauri 大顎運動的速度介於時速 126 ~ 230 公里。大顎關上的時間平均為 130 微秒。加速度可達 1 000 000 m/s²。
擬態
Enoplomischus 屬的跳蛛會擬態成鋸針蟻屬[7]。
分佈
鋸針蟻屬分佈於中南美洲、亞洲、澳洲與非洲[8]。有研究指出在美國「Odontomachus haematodus 1956年在阿拉巴馬州被記錄到，但近期研究者指出該物種已沿着墨西哥灣散播，最遠至佛羅里達州的彭薩科拉[9]。」Magdalena Sorger則指出，「在過去，Odontomachus ruginodis 的分佈範圍被認為侷限在奧蘭多地區，而近期有一筆 O. ruginodis 的紀錄出現在奧蘭多北邊超過100英里處，位於佛羅里達州的蓋恩斯維爾[10]。」而 Odontomachus relictus 則只在佛羅里達中部發現，棲息於長有灌木叢的沙脊地形中[11]。
物種
共73個現生物種，3個化石物種[12]
- Odontomachus aciculatus F. Smith, 1863
- Odontomachus affinis Guerin-Meneville, 1844
- Odontomachus alius Sorger & Zettel, 2011
- Odontomachus allolabis Kempf, 1974
- Odontomachus angulatus Mayr, 1866
- Odontomachus animosus Smith, 1860
- Odontomachus assiniensis Emery, 1892
- Odontomachus banksi Forel, 1910
- Odontomachus bauri Emery, 1892
- Odontomachus biolleyi Forel, 1908
- Odontomachus biumbonatus Brown, 1976
- Odontomachus bradleyi Brown, 1976
- Odontomachus brunneus (Patton, 1894)
- Odontomachus caelatus Brown, 1976
- Odontomachus cephalotes Smith, 1863 (Indonesia, Australia, etc.)
- Odontomachus chelifer (Latreille, 1802)
- 環紋大齒猛蟻 Odontomachus circulus Wang, 1993
- Odontomachus clarus Roger, 1861
- Odontomachus coquereli Roger, 1861
- Odontomachus cornutus Stitz, 1933
- Odontomachus desertorum Wheeler, 1915
- Odontomachus erythrocephalus Emery, 1890
- Odontomachus floresensis Brown, 1976 (Indonesia: Flores)
- 光亮大齒猛蟻Odontomachus fulgidus Wang, 1993
- 粒紋大齒猛蟻 Odontomachus granatus Wang, 1993
- 血色大齒猛蟻 Odontomachus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1758) (South America, introduced to Australia prior to 1876); type species
- Odontomachus hastatus (Fabricius, 1804)
- Odontomachus imperator Emery, 1887
- Odontomachus infandus Smith, 1858
- Odontomachus insularis Guérin-Méneville, 1844
- Odontomachus kuroiwae (Matsumura, 1912)
- Odontomachus laticeps Roger, 1861
- Odontomachus latidens Mayr, 1867
- Odontomachus latissimus Viehmeyer, 1914
- Odontomachus malignus Smith, 1859
- Odontomachus mayi Mann, 1912
- Odontomachus meinerti Forel, 1905
- Odontomachus minangkabau Satria, Kurushima, Herwina, Yamane & Eguchi, 2015
- Odontomachus montanus Stitz, 1925
- 山大齒猛蟻，高山鋸針蟻 Odontomachus monticola Emery, 1892
- 妖大齒猛蟻 Odontomachus mormo Brown, 1976
- Odontomachus nigriceps Smith, 1860
- Odontomachus opaciventris Forel, 1899
- Odontomachus opaculus Viehmeyer, 1912
- †Odontomachus paleomyagra Wappler, Dlussky, Engel, Prokop & Knor, 2014[13]
- Odontomachus panamensis Forel, 1899
- Odontomachus papuanus Emery, 1887
- Odontomachus pararixosus Terayama & Ito, 2014
- Odontomachus peruanus Stitz, 1933
- Odontomachus philippinus Emery, 1893
- Odontomachus procerus Emery, 1893
- †Odontomachus pseudobauri (De Andrade, 1994)
- Odontomachus relictus Deyrup & Cover, 2004
- 爭吵大齒猛蟻Odontomachus rixosus Smith, 1857
- Odontomachus ruficeps Smith, 1858 (Australia)
- Odontomachus rufithorax Emery, 1911
- Odontomachus ruginodis Smith, 1937
- Odontomachus saevissimus Smith, 1858
- Odontomachus scalptus Brown, 1978
- Odontomachus schoedli Sorger & Zettel, 2011
- Odontomachus scifictus Sorger & Zettel, 2011
- 西氏大齒猛蟻 Odontomachus silvestrii W.M. Wheeler, 1927
- Odontomachus simillimus F. Smith, 1858 (Australia, Fiji, etc.)
- †Odontomachus spinifer De Andrade, 1994
- Odontomachus spissus Kempf, 1962
- Odontomachus sumbensis Brown, 1976
- 直齒大齒猛蟻 Odontomachus tensus Wang, 1993
- Odontomachus testaceus Emery, 1897
- Odontomachus troglodytes Santschi, 1914 (Africa, Madagascar, Inner Seychelles)
- Odontomachus turneri Forel, 1900 (Australia)
- Odontomachus tyrannicus Smith, 1859
- 西藏大齒猛蟻 Odontomachus xizangensis Wang, 1993
- Odontomachus yucatecus Brown, 1976
參考資料
外部連結
Wikiwand in your browser!
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.
