酪氨酸羥化酶

酪氨酸羥化酶（英語：Tyrosine hydroxylase）或酪氨酸3-單加氧酶（英語：tyrosine 3-monooxygenase）是負責催化氨基酸L-酪氨酸轉變為二羥基苯丙氨酸（多巴）的酶^[1][2]。因此它使用四氫生物蝶呤作為輔酶。多巴是多巴胺的一個前體，相應地，後者亦是去甲腎上腺素與腎上腺素的前體。在人體中，酪氨酸羥化酶由TH基因編碼^[2]。

酪氨酸羥化酶
有效結構 PDB 直系同源檢索：PDBe, RCSB PDB查詢代碼列表 1toh與2toh
標識
代號	TH; TYH
擴展標識	遺傳學：191290 鼠基因：98735 同源基因：307 GeneCards: TH Gene
EC編號	1.14.16.2
基因本體論描述 分子功能 · 單加氧酶活性 · 酪氨酸3-單加氧酶活性 · 鐵離子結合 · 金屬離子結合 細胞成分 · 細胞核 · 細胞質 生物過程 · 突觸傳遞，多巴胺能 · 突觸傳遞 · 心臟發育 · 學習 · 記憶 · 交配行為 · 運動器官行為 · 心臟收縮規律 · 芳香族氨基酸代謝過程 · 器官形態發生 · 神經遞質生物合成過程 · 兒茶酚胺生物合成過程 · 飲食行為 Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA表達模式
更多表達數據
直系同源體
物種	人類	小鼠
Entrez	7054	21823
Ensembl	ENSG00000180176	ENSMUSG00000000214
UniProt	P07101	Q3UTB3
mRNA序列	NM_000360	NM_009377
蛋白序列	NP_000351	NP_033403
基因位置	Chr 11: 2.14 – 2.15 Mb	Chr 7: 142.7 – 142.71 Mb
PubMed查詢	[1]	[2]
閱 論 編

反應

此加氧酶被發現於所有含兒茶酚胺的細胞溶質中。此起始步驟是產生兒茶酚胺的限速步驟。

此酶有高度地特異性，不會接受吲哚的衍生物——這一點與許多其他涉及到產生兒茶酚胺的酶不同。

酪氨酸羥化酶催化酪氨酸生成二羥基苯丙氨酸

臨床意義

酪氨酸羥化酶可以被藥物α-甲基-對-酪氨酸（甲基酪氨酸）所抑制。此抑制作用可以導致腦部多巴胺與去甲腎上腺素的消耗，這是因為缺乏前體L-多巴（L-3,4-二羥基苯丙氨酸），此物質可以由酪氨酸羥化酶所合成。此藥很少被使用並會導致抑鬱，但它在治療嗜鉻細胞瘤以及抗高血壓方面很有用處。

多巴胺

在自體免疫性多內分泌腺病綜合症（APS）I型中，酪氨酸羥化酶是一個自身抗原^[3]。

在文獻中提到的抑制劑的老例子是奧德麼酮^[4]與水綾黴素^[5]。

參考文獻

1. Kaufman S. Tyrosine hydroxylase. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 1995, 70: 103–220. PMID 8638482. doi:10.1002/9780470123164.ch3.
2. Nagatsu T. Tyrosine hydroxylase: human isoforms, structure and regulation in physiology and pathology. Essays Biochem. 1995, 30: 15–35. PMID 8822146.
3. Hedstrand H, Ekwall O, Haavik J, Landgren E, Betterle C, Perheentupa J, Gustafsson J, Husebye E, Rorsman F, Kämpe O. Identification of tyrosine hydroxylase as an autoantigen in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. January 2000, 267 (1): 456–61. PMID 10623641. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1945.
4. Ono M, Okamoto M, Kawabe N, Umezawa H, Takeuchi T. Oudenone, a novel tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor from microbial origin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. March 1971, 93 (5): 1285–6. PMID 5545929. doi:10.1021/ja00734a054.
5. Ayukawa S, Takeuchi T, Sezaki M, Hara T, Umezawa H. Inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase by aquayamycin. J. Antibiot. May 1968, 21 (5): 350–3. PMID 5726288.

深入閱讀

• Masserano JM, Weiner N. Tyrosine hydroxylase regulation in the central nervous system.. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1983, 53–54 (1-2): 129–52. PMID 6137760. doi:10.1007/BF00225250.
• Meloni R, Biguet NF, Mallet J. Post-genomic era and gene discovery for psychiatric diseases: there is a new art of the trade? The example of the HUMTH01 microsatellite in the Tyrosine Hydroxylase gene.. Mol. Neurobiol. 2002, 26 (2-3): 389–403. PMID 12428766. doi:10.1385/MN:26:2-3:389.
• Joh TH, Park DH, Reis DJ. Direct phosphorylation of brain tyrosine hydroxylase by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase: mechanism of enzyme activation.. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1979, 75 (10): 4744–8. PMC 336196 . PMID 33381. doi:10.1073/pnas.75.10.4744.
• Haycock JW, Ahn NG, Cobb MH, Krebs EG. ERK1 and ERK2, two microtubule-associated protein 2 kinases, mediate the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at serine-31 in situ.. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1992, 89 (6): 2365–9. PMC 48658 . PMID 1347949. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.6.2365.
• Haycock JW. Phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in situ at serine 8, 19, 31, and 40.. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265 (20): 11682–91. PMID 1973163.
• Craig SP, Buckle VJ, Lamouroux A; et al. Localization of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene to 11p15: gene duplication and evolution of metabolic pathways.. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 1986, 42 (1-2): 29–32. PMID 2872999. doi:10.1159/000132246. 引文格式1維護：顯式使用等標籤 (link)
• Grima B, Lamouroux A, Boni C; et al. A single human gene encoding multiple tyrosine hydroxylases with different predicted functional characteristics.. Nature. 1987, 326 (6114): 707–11. PMID 2882428. doi:10.1038/326707a0. 引文格式1維護：顯式使用等標籤 (link)
• Kaneda N, Kobayashi K, Ichinose H; et al. Isolation of a novel cDNA clone for human tyrosine hydroxylase: alternative RNA splicing produces four kinds of mRNA from a single gene.. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1987, 146 (3): 971–5. PMID 2887169. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(87)90742-X. 引文格式1維護：顯式使用等標籤 (link)
• Kobayashi K, Kaneda N, Ichinose H; et al. Isolation of a full-length cDNA clone encoding human tyrosine hydroxylase type 3.. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987, 15 (16): 6733. PMC 306135 . PMID 2888085. doi:10.1093/nar/15.16.6733. 引文格式1維護：顯式使用等標籤 (link)
• O'Malley KL, Anhalt MJ, Martin BM; et al. Isolation and characterization of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene: identification of 5' alternative splice sites responsible for multiple mRNAs.. Biochemistry. 1988, 26 (22): 6910–4. PMID 2892528. doi:10.1021/bi00396a007. 引文格式1維護：顯式使用等標籤 (link)
• Le Bourdellès B, Boularand S, Boni C; et al. Analysis of the 5' region of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene: combinatorial patterns of exon splicing generate multiple regulated tyrosine hydroxylase isoforms.. J. Neurochem. 1988, 50 (3): 988–91. PMID 2892893. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb03009.x. 引文格式1維護：顯式使用等標籤 (link)
• Ginns EI, Rehavi M, Martin BM; et al. Expression of human tyrosine hydroxylase cDNA in invertebrate cells using a baculovirus vector.. J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263 (15): 7406–10. PMID 2896667. 引文格式1維護：顯式使用等標籤 (link)
• Kobayashi K, Kaneda N, Ichinose H; et al. Structure of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene: alternative splicing from a single gene accounts for generation of four mRNA types.. J. Biochem. 1988, 103 (6): 907–12. PMID 2902075. 引文格式1維護：顯式使用等標籤 (link)
• Coker GT, Vinnedge L, O'Malley KL. Characterization of rat and human tyrosine hydroxylase genes: functional expression of both promoters in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types.. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1989, 157 (3): 1341–7. PMID 2905129. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(88)81022-2.
• Vulliet PR, Woodgett JR, Cohen P. Phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase by calmodulin-dependent multiprotein kinase.. J. Biol. Chem. 1984, 259 (22): 13680–3. PMID 6150037.
• Zhou QY, Quaife CJ, Palmiter RD. Targeted disruption of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene reveals that catecholamines are required for mouse fetal development.. Nature. 1995, 374 (6523): 640–3. PMID 7715703. doi:10.1038/374640a0.
• Lüdecke B, Bartholomé K. Frequent sequence variant in the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene.. Hum. Genet. 1995, 95 (6): 716. PMID 7789962. doi:10.1007/BF00209496.
• Lüdecke B, Dworniczak B, Bartholomé K. A point mutation in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene associated with Segawa's syndrome.. Hum. Genet. 1995, 95 (1): 123–5. PMID 7814018. doi:10.1007/BF00225091.
• Knappskog PM, Flatmark T, Mallet J; et al. Recessively inherited L-DOPA-responsive dystonia caused by a point mutation (Q381K) in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene.. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1996, 4 (7): 1209–12. PMID 8528210. doi:10.1093/hmg/4.7.1209. 引文格式1維護：顯式使用等標籤 (link)

外部連結

• GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency including Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Deficient Dopa-Responsive Dystonia or Segawa Syndrome and Autosomal Recessive Infantile Parkinsonism （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
• 醫學主題詞表（MeSH）：Tyrosine+hydroxylase