痛覺過敏

痛覺過敏是一種對痛過度敏感的異常狀態，原因可能是傷害感受器或末梢神經受損，其中起到關鍵作用的化學物質為前列腺素E和F^[1]。鴨嘴獸毒^[2]、長期服用鴉片類藥物^[3]都會造成痛覺過敏。依照痛感發生部位的不同，它可分為原發性痛覺過敏和繼發性痛覺過敏兩種。

和神經性疼痛、觸模痛等神經障礙引發的疼痛一樣，痛覺過敏可以通過SSRI、三環抗抑鬱藥^[4]^[5]、非甾體類抗炎藥^[6]、糖皮質激素^[7]、加巴噴丁^[8]、普瑞巴林^[9]、NMDA受體拮抗劑^[10]^[11]^[12] 來治療。換用非典型鴉片類藥物如曲馬朵也有利於減緩病情^[13]。

參考文獻

[1]
Clinical Pharmacology. www.clinicalpharmacology-ip.com. [2017-06-25]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-10）.
[2]
de Plater GM, Milburn PJ, Martin RL. Venom from the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, induces a calcium-dependent current in cultured dorsal root ganglion cells. J. Neurophysiol. March 2001, 85 (3): 1340–45 [2021-06-01]. PMID 11248005. doi:10.1152/jn.2001.85.3.1340. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-21）.
[3]
Chu LF, Angst MS, Clark D. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia in humans: molecular mechanisms and clinical considerations. Clin J Pain. 2008, 24 (6): 479–96. PMID 18574358. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31816b2f43.
[4]
Sindrup SH, Otto M, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS. Antidepressants in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. June 2005, 96 (6): 399–409. PMID 15910402. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_96696601.x .
[5]
Matsuzawa-Yanagida K, Narita M, Nakajima M, et al. Usefulness of antidepressants for improving the neuropathic pain-like state and pain-induced anxiety through actions at different brain sites. Neuropsychopharmacology. July 2008, 33 (8): 1952–65. PMID 17957217. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301590.
[6]
Koppert W, Wehrfritz A, Körber N, et al. The cyclooxygenase isozyme inhibitors parecoxib and paracetamol reduce central hyperalgesia in humans. Pain. March 2004, 108 (1–2): 148–53. PMID 15109518. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2003.12.017.
[7]
Stubhaug A, Romundstad L, Kaasa T, Breivik H. Methylprednisolone and Ketorolac rapidly reduce hyperalgesia around a skin burn injury and increase pressure pain thresholds. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. October 2007, 51 (9): 1138–46. PMID 17714578. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01415.x.
[8]
Gottrup H, Juhl G, Kristensen AD, et al. Chronic oral Gabapentin reduces elements of central sensitization in human experimental Hyperalgesia.. Anesthesiology. December 2004, 101 (6): 1400–08. PMID 15564948. doi:10.1097/00000542-200412000-00021.
[9]
Chizh BA, Göhring M, Tröster A, Quartey GK, Schmelz M, Koppert W. Effects of oral pregabalin and aprepitant on pain and central sensitization in the electrical hyperalgesia model in human volunteers. Br J Anaesth. February 2007, 98 (2): 246–54. PMID 17251214. doi:10.1093/bja/ael344 .
[10]
Warncke T, Stubhaug A, Jørum E. Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, suppresses spatial and temporal properties of burn-induced secondary Hyperalgesia in man: a double-blind, cross-over comparison with morphine and placebo.. Pain. August 1997, 72 (1–2): 99–106. PMID 9272793. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00006-7.
[11]
De Kock MF, Lavand'homme PM. The clinical role of NMDA receptor antagonists for the treatment of postoperative pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. March 2007, 21 (1): 85–98. PMID 17489221. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2006.12.006.
[12]
Klein T, Magerl W, Hanschmann A, Althaus M, Treede RD. Antihyperalgesic and analgesic properties of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist neramexane in a human surrogate model of neurogenic Hyperalgesia.. Eur J Pain. January 2008, 12 (1): 17–29. PMID 17449306. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.02.002.
[13]
Christoph T, Kögel B, Strassburger W, Schug SA. Tramadol has a better potency ratio relative to morphine in neuropathic than in nociceptive pain models. Drugs in R&D. 2007, 8 (1): 51–57. PMID 17249849. doi:10.2165/00126839-200708010-00005.

外部連結

[1] [1]
Clinical Pharmacology. www.clinicalpharmacology-ip.com. [2017-06-25]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-10）.

[2] [2]
de Plater GM, Milburn PJ, Martin RL. Venom from the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, induces a calcium-dependent current in cultured dorsal root ganglion cells. J. Neurophysiol. March 2001, 85 (3): 1340–45 [2021-06-01]. PMID 11248005. doi:10.1152/jn.2001.85.3.1340. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-21）.

[Chu-3] [3]
Chu LF, Angst MS, Clark D. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia in humans: molecular mechanisms and clinical considerations. Clin J Pain. 2008, 24 (6): 479–96. PMID 18574358. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31816b2f43.

[4] [4]
Sindrup SH, Otto M, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS. Antidepressants in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. June 2005, 96 (6): 399–409. PMID 15910402. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_96696601.x .

[5] [5]
Matsuzawa-Yanagida K, Narita M, Nakajima M, et al. Usefulness of antidepressants for improving the neuropathic pain-like state and pain-induced anxiety through actions at different brain sites. Neuropsychopharmacology. July 2008, 33 (8): 1952–65. PMID 17957217. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301590.

[6] [6]
Koppert W, Wehrfritz A, Körber N, et al. The cyclooxygenase isozyme inhibitors parecoxib and paracetamol reduce central hyperalgesia in humans. Pain. March 2004, 108 (1–2): 148–53. PMID 15109518. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2003.12.017.

[7] [7]
Stubhaug A, Romundstad L, Kaasa T, Breivik H. Methylprednisolone and Ketorolac rapidly reduce hyperalgesia around a skin burn injury and increase pressure pain thresholds. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. October 2007, 51 (9): 1138–46. PMID 17714578. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01415.x.

[8] [8]
Gottrup H, Juhl G, Kristensen AD, et al. Chronic oral Gabapentin reduces elements of central sensitization in human experimental Hyperalgesia.. Anesthesiology. December 2004, 101 (6): 1400–08. PMID 15564948. doi:10.1097/00000542-200412000-00021.

[9] [9]
Chizh BA, Göhring M, Tröster A, Quartey GK, Schmelz M, Koppert W. Effects of oral pregabalin and aprepitant on pain and central sensitization in the electrical hyperalgesia model in human volunteers. Br J Anaesth. February 2007, 98 (2): 246–54. PMID 17251214. doi:10.1093/bja/ael344 .

[10] [10]
Warncke T, Stubhaug A, Jørum E. Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, suppresses spatial and temporal properties of burn-induced secondary Hyperalgesia in man: a double-blind, cross-over comparison with morphine and placebo.. Pain. August 1997, 72 (1–2): 99–106. PMID 9272793. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00006-7.

[11] [11]
De Kock MF, Lavand'homme PM. The clinical role of NMDA receptor antagonists for the treatment of postoperative pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. March 2007, 21 (1): 85–98. PMID 17489221. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2006.12.006.

[12] [12]
Klein T, Magerl W, Hanschmann A, Althaus M, Treede RD. Antihyperalgesic and analgesic properties of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist neramexane in a human surrogate model of neurogenic Hyperalgesia.. Eur J Pain. January 2008, 12 (1): 17–29. PMID 17449306. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.02.002.

[13] [13]
Christoph T, Kögel B, Strassburger W, Schug SA. Tramadol has a better potency ratio relative to morphine in neuropathic than in nociceptive pain models. Drugs in R&D. 2007, 8 (1): 51–57. PMID 17249849. doi:10.2165/00126839-200708010-00005.

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