班公錯(英文:Pangong Tso),或稱班公湖,藏語名哥木克哥那喇令錯或錯木昂拉仁波(藏語:མཚོ་མོ་ངང་ལྷ་རིང་པོ།,威利轉寫:mtsho mo ngang lha ring po,THL:Tsomo Nganglha Ringpo),清朝譯潘光湖,是青藏高原西部的一座湖泊,位於中國西藏阿里地區日土縣和印度拉達克中央直轄區列城縣之間,中國和印度對該湖中部歸屬有爭議,2021年的衝突後,印度和中國已完成從有爭議的喜馬拉雅山邊界部分地區的撤軍,[1]班公湖歸屬維持原狀。
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班公錯屬構造性湖泊,東西狹長,約延伸143公里,南北最寬處5公里,總面積604平方公里。該湖湖面平均海拔4241米,屬內流湖,流域面積28714平方公里。由三個狹長形小湖組成,其間有溝通水道。湖最深處約57米。湖水清澈,透明度3至4米。每年結冰期6個月。該湖東部水質為淡水,西部為鹹水。湖中盛產裂腹魚。[2][3]
歷史上,該湖被視為五個由河道連結的小湖泊,班公錯這個名字只指最西邊一半在印度的其五之一。 從西向東這些湖泊的名稱分別為:[4][5][6]Pangong Tso(班公錯)、Tso Nyak、Rum Tso雙湖(胡惟德譯:襍爾木湖[6])、Nyak Tso(胡惟德譯:諾和湖[6])。整個湖群被藏語稱為前述的「錯木昂拉仁波」。
班公錯來自印度的藏人拉達克語[來源請求],意思是「高草原湖」[7]。錯木昂拉仁波是藏語,各資料有相異但類似的解釋--明媚而狹長的湖[3]、長脖天鵝湖[8]、長頸仙鶴湖[2]。
班公錯清朝譯潘光湖,錯木昂拉仁波清朝譯索莫南列伊爾湖。[9]
中國和印度邊境爭議始終是兩國關係的雷區。兩國擁有邊界大約2000公里,有總面積超過12萬平方公里區域存在領土爭議,涉及西段、中段和東段三個部分。
其中,東段爭議主要是中方認可的傳統習慣分界線與中方不承認的、由英屬印度與西藏所劃的「麥克馬洪線」。這一爭議領土面積為9萬平方公里,基本由印度控制。
中段主要為錫金地區,中方認為爭議領土約2100平方公里,目前全部為印度實際控制。2021年發生的洞朗對峙就發生在這裏。[1][失效連結]
存档副本. [2022-12-17]. (原始內容存檔於2022-12-17).
斯文·赫定. Scientific Results of a Journey in Central Asia 1899-1902: Central and West Tibet. Lithographic institute of the General staff of the Swedish army. 1907: 521 [2020-01-19]. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-27). From Noh to Bal Rawling followed the same route that I did along the northern shore of the Tso-ngombo, which he calls the Tso Mo Gualari, dividing it into the sections ›Tso Nyak, the twin lakes Rum Tso and Nyak Tso.› He says that it consists of a string of five lakes 120 m. in length, the four most southern of which are fresh, and Pangong, the most northerly, salt. They are joined together by channels about 60 feet in width and 15 feet deep, the current running at nearly 1½ mile an hour.
Routes in Asia: Routes in the territories of the Maharaja of Jummoo and Kashmir, and adjacent countries. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. 1878: 31–33 [2020-01-19]. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-27). Only the lower lake (the Pangong Tso proper) lies in Ladak, the middle (Tso Nyak) and upper lakes being in Rudok territory. ... The waters of the western end are much more salt than those of the eastern end near Ot. in the stream connecting the Pangong Tso with Nyak Tso the water becomes drinkable, and rich grass is found on the banks.
Pangong Lake. 拉達克政府. 2019-10-29 [9 January 2020]. Pangong Lake, one of the most famous lakes in Leh Ladakh, derives its name from the Tibetan word, 「Pangong Tso」, which means 「high grassland lake」.
- 王明達, 侯居峙, 類延斌. 青藏高原不同類型湖泊溫度季節性變化及其分類. 科學通報, 2014, 59(31): 3095-3103
- Bhat, F., et al., Ecology and biodiversity in Pangong Tso (lake) and its inlet stream in Ladakh, India. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 2011. 3(10): p. 501-511