廣島受難者輓歌

廣島受難者輓歌
廣島受難者輓歌
克里斯多福·潘德列茨基作品
	廣島上空的原子雲，1945年
原文名	Tren pamięci ofiar Hiroszimy
全名	波蘭語：Tren pamięci ofiar Hiroszimy na 52 instrumenty smyczkowe (Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima for 52 string instruments)
年份	1961年
時期	當代古典音樂, 後現代音樂（英語：Postmodern music）
類型	聲音主義（英語：Sonorism）、前衛
風格	哀歌
曲式	古典音樂
獻給	廣島與長崎原子彈爆炸受害者和被爆者
出版商	波蘭音樂出版社; 波蘭音樂唱片（英語：Polskie Nagrania Muza）
時長	8:37
首演
日期	22 September 1961年，63年前
位置	華沙秋季音樂節（英語：Warsaw Autumn Festival）
指揮	安德烈·馬科夫斯基（英語：Andrzej Markowski）
表演者	克拉科夫愛樂樂團（英語：Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra）; 交響樂團
	T-905.954.212-0; 獎項 · 聯合國國際作曲家論壇（英語：International Rostrum of Composers）第四名 (1961年); · 波蘭文化和國家遺產部（英語：Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Poland)）頒發獎項三級（1962年）

《廣島受難者輓歌》，也被譯為《為廣島受難者哀悼之歌》^[4]^[5]（波蘭語：Tren pamięci ofiar Hiroszimy），是一首由克里斯多福·潘德列茨基於1961年作曲的音樂作品，使用了52支弦樂器。該作品致敬於廣島與長崎原子彈爆炸受害者和被爆者，同年獲得聯合國教科文組織國際作曲家論壇（英語：International Rostrum of Composers）的獎項。^[6]^[7]^{[註 1]}^{[註 2]}

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說明

作品完整標題所指的52支弦樂器包括24支小提琴、10支中提琴、10支大提琴和8支低音提琴。^[10]該曲的長度約為8分37秒^[11]^[12]。起初名為《8分37秒》^[13]，該曲採用聲音技法，着重於對音色、質地、奏法、音量和運動的具體特性和品質，試圖創造更自由的形式，以及針對弦樂團的特殊對位技巧。潘德列茨基在作品中的意圖是「發展一種新的音樂語言」^[14]。他後來表示：「它只存在於我的想像中，以一種抽象的方式。」當他聽到實際演奏時，「我被作品的情感充電所震撼…我尋找著聯想，最終決定將它獻給廣島的受害者」。^[15]

在聲音技法和對位的融合下，這52支弦樂器創造出一種令聽眾感到「不安」的效果，^[16]正如評論家保羅·格里菲斯所言，這是因為作品選擇了一個對於弦樂團來說過於可怕的事件。^[17]^[18]^:94《哀歌》的持續音叢和各種擴展技巧（包括各種變化的顫音、拍擊樂器、彈奏尾板和橋後的技法）與濃密的黑線標記形成對照。有時，潘德列茨基會採取隨機的方法，給樂手提供技巧的選擇，或要求不規則的顫音程度。作品的特點還在於其嚴格的時間指示，以秒為單位記錄，以及特定的音叢、四分音、集束音符和聲音的使用，這些在高度張力的蓄積中形成一個聲音的集合。^[18]^:93

引用

《廣島受難者輓歌》中的片段被用於阿方索·卡隆於2006年的電影《人類之子》,^[19]^[20]、韋斯·克雷文於1991年的社會驚悚片《樓下的人們（英語：The_People_Under_the_Stairs）》^[21]^[22]、大衛·林區2017年的電視劇《雙峰》^[23]^[24]，以及傑瑞·安德森（英語：Gerry_Anderson）於1969年的電影《遠日黃昏（英語：Doppelgänger_(1969_film)）。^[25]

在歌曲方面，《輓歌》中的片段被用於狂躁街道傳教者1991年的歌曲《你愛我》的其中一個版本中^[26]，以及塞巴斯汀（英語：Sebastian_(French_musician)）2010年的單曲《Bird Games》中取樣。^[27]

參考文獻

註釋

[註 1]
聯合國教科文組織獎並不局限於選擇一名獲獎者，而是，講台可以選擇按照專門的評選順序排列的不同數量的獲獎者。^[3]
[註 2]
雖然被非正式地稱為聯合國教科文組織獎，但聯合國教科文組織並不參與得獎者的選擇，而是由國際作曲家論壇來挑選得獎者。^[8]^[9]

來源

[1]
Gąsiorowska, Małgorzata. The Warsaw Autumn International Festival of Contemporary Music – Transformations of Programming Policies. Musicology Today. 2017-12-01, 14 (1): 28. doi:10.1515/muso-2017-0001 .
[2]
Bylander, Cynthia E. The Warsaw Autumn International Festival of Contemporary Music 1956–1961: Its Goals, Structures, Programs, and People (PhD論文). Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University. 1989. Document No.1487673114112901 –透過OhioLink.edu.
[3]
International Rostrum of Composers. 2017-03-15 [2019-12-25]. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-20）.
[4]
Krzysztof Penderecki. Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima Tren ofiarom Hiroszimy (1980); Viola concerto (1983) (CD booklet). Conifer Records. 1988. OCLC 884553089.
[5]
Krzysztof Penderecki. Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima for 52 strings = Threnos den opfern von Hiroschima fúr 52 saiteninstrumente (CD booklet). Deshon Music. 1961. OCLC 318270188 （英語）.
[6]
Hiemenz, Jack. A Composer Praises God as One Who Lives in Darkness. The New York Times 126 (43499). 1977-02-27 [2023-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2022-12-01）.
[7]
Oficjalna strona Krzysztofa Pendereckiego [en]. www.krzysztofpenderecki.eu. [2014-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2014-03-06）（英語）.
[8]
International Rostrum of Composers – FAQ. RostrumPlus. 2017-03-15 [2019-12-25]. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-20）.
[9]
Relations with UNESCO. International Music Council. [2019-12-25]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-06）（英國英語）.
[10]
Maslowiec, Anna. Threnody To The Victims Of Hiroshima, 1959–61 (PDF). Sonorism and the Polish Avant-Garde 1958–1964 (PhD論文) 1. The University of Sydney, Conservatorium of Music: 147. 2008 [2023-08-06]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-11-06）.
[11]
Penderecki, Krzysztof. Ofiarom Hiroszimy: Tren: Na 52 Instrumenty Smyczkowe = To The Victims of Hiroshima: Threnody: For 52 Stringed Instruments (Sheet Music). Warszawa: Polskie Wydawn. Muzyczne. 1961 [2023-08-06]. OCLC 269308. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-06）.
[12]
Palisca, Claude V.; Burkholder, J. Peter. Norton Anthology of Western Music 3rd. New York: W. W. Norton. 1996: 637. ISBN 978-0-393-96906-1. OCLC 439757621.
[13]
Thomas, Adrian. Polish Music since Szymanowski. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 165. ISBN 978-1-139-44118-6.
[14]
Delisi, Daniel Joseph. Compositional Techniques and Use of the Chorus in Five Selected Choral Works of Krzysztof Penderecki (Avant-Garde, Twentieth-Century Notation) (PhD論文). Cincinnati, Ohio: College-Conservatory of Music of the University of Cincinnati: 11. 1985. Document No.8627596, ProQuest 303380044.
[15]
Ashby, Arved. Modernism goes to the movies. Arved Ashby (編). The Pleasure of Modernist Music: Listening, Meaning, Intention, Ideology. Boydell & Brewer. 2004: 351, 384. ISBN 978-1-58046-143-6. [Penderecki's words are] Cited by Miekzyslaw Tomaszewski in his liner notes for Penderecki: Orchestral Works, Vol. 1 (Naxos 8.554491, 2000).
[16]
Griffiths, Paul. Review of Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima, Penderecki, K.. The Musical Times. 1976, 117 (1605): 915. JSTOR 958398. doi:10.2307/958398.
[17]
Kozak, Mariusz. Experiencing Structure in Penderecki's Threnody: Analysis, Ear-Training, and Musical Understanding. Music Theory Spectrum. 2017-02-01, 38 (2): 200–217. ISSN 0195-6167. doi:10.1093/mts/mtw015.
[18]
Kałużny, Jan A. Krzysztof Penderecki and his Contribution to Modern Musical Notation. The Polish Review (The University of Illinois Press on behalf of the Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences of America). 1963, 8 (3): 86–95. JSTOR 25776495.
[19]
Pappademas, Alex, Radiohead's Runaway Guitarist, The New York Times, 2012-03-09 [2023-08-06], （原始內容存檔於2016-05-20）
[20]
Doherty, Mike, Album Reviews: Jonny Greenwood and David Byrne meet their heroes, National Post (Canada), 2012-03-13 [2014-07-16], （原始內容存檔於2012-03-20）
[21]
Classical Music in Movies : P – Classical Soundtrack and Classical Background Music.. Naxos Records. [2017-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-18）.
[22]
Muir, John Kenneth. Wes Craven: The Art of Horror. Jefferson: McFarland. 1998: 161. ISBN 978-0-7864-1923-4. OCLC 66655309 （英語）.
[23]
Murray, Noel. 'Twin Peaks' Season 3, Episode 8: White Light White Heat. The New York Times. 2017-06-26 [2023-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-27）.
[24]
Atad, Corey. Last Night's Terrifying 'Twin Peaks' Will Be Remembered as One of the Best Episodes of Television Ever. Esquire. 2017-06-26 [2023-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-06）（英語）.
[25]
Robert Parrish, director. Journey to the Far Side of the Sun (Motion picture). Screenplay by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson and Donald James. Produced by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson. Music by Barry Gray. Cinematography by John Read. Edited by Len Walter. Century 21 Cinema Productions. 1969-08-27. OCLC 905922131.
[26]
Power, Martin. Nailed to History: The Story of the Manic Street Preachers. London: Omnibus. 2012. ISBN 978-1-78038-148-0.
[27]
SebastiAn (Producer)'s 'Bird Games (Interlude)' – Discover the Sample Source. WhoSampled. [2017-05-05]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-06）.

[fn1-4] [註 1]
聯合國教科文組織獎並不局限於選擇一名獲獎者，而是，講台可以選擇按照專門的評選順序排列的不同數量的獲獎者。^[3]

[11] [註 2]
雖然被非正式地稱為聯合國教科文組織獎，但聯合國教科文組織並不參與得獎者的選擇，而是由國際作曲家論壇來挑選得獎者。^[8]^[9]

[1] [1]
Gąsiorowska, Małgorzata. The Warsaw Autumn International Festival of Contemporary Music – Transformations of Programming Policies. Musicology Today. 2017-12-01, 14 (1): 28. doi:10.1515/muso-2017-0001 .

[unes-2] [2]
Bylander, Cynthia E. The Warsaw Autumn International Festival of Contemporary Music 1956–1961: Its Goals, Structures, Programs, and People (PhD論文). Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University. 1989. Document No.1487673114112901 –透過OhioLink.edu.

[3] [3]
International Rostrum of Composers. 2017-03-15 [2019-12-25]. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-20）.

[5] [4]
Krzysztof Penderecki. Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima Tren ofiarom Hiroszimy (1980); Viola concerto (1983) (CD booklet). Conifer Records. 1988. OCLC 884553089.

[6] [5]
Krzysztof Penderecki. Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima for 52 strings = Threnos den opfern von Hiroschima fúr 52 saiteninstrumente (CD booklet). Deshon Music. 1961. OCLC 318270188 （英語）.

[7] [6]
Hiemenz, Jack. A Composer Praises God as One Who Lives in Darkness. The New York Times 126 (43499). 1977-02-27 [2023-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2022-12-01）.

[8] [7]
Oficjalna strona Krzysztofa Pendereckiego [en]. www.krzysztofpenderecki.eu. [2014-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2014-03-06）（英語）.

[9] [8]
International Rostrum of Composers – FAQ. RostrumPlus. 2017-03-15 [2019-12-25]. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-20）.

[10] [9]
Relations with UNESCO. International Music Council. [2019-12-25]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-06）（英國英語）.

[12] [10]
Maslowiec, Anna. Threnody To The Victims Of Hiroshima, 1959–61 (PDF). Sonorism and the Polish Avant-Garde 1958–1964 (PhD論文) 1. The University of Sydney, Conservatorium of Music: 147. 2008 [2023-08-06]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-11-06）.

[sm-13] [11]
Penderecki, Krzysztof. Ofiarom Hiroszimy: Tren: Na 52 Instrumenty Smyczkowe = To The Victims of Hiroshima: Threnody: For 52 Stringed Instruments (Sheet Music). Warszawa: Polskie Wydawn. Muzyczne. 1961 [2023-08-06]. OCLC 269308. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-06）.

[norton-14] [12]
Palisca, Claude V.; Burkholder, J. Peter. Norton Anthology of Western Music 3rd. New York: W. W. Norton. 1996: 637. ISBN 978-0-393-96906-1. OCLC 439757621.

[Thomas2008-15] [13]
Thomas, Adrian. Polish Music since Szymanowski. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 165. ISBN 978-1-139-44118-6.

[16] [14]
Delisi, Daniel Joseph. Compositional Techniques and Use of the Chorus in Five Selected Choral Works of Krzysztof Penderecki (Avant-Garde, Twentieth-Century Notation) (PhD論文). Cincinnati, Ohio: College-Conservatory of Music of the University of Cincinnati: 11. 1985. Document No.8627596, ProQuest 303380044.

[Ashby2004-17] [15]
Ashby, Arved. Modernism goes to the movies. Arved Ashby (編). The Pleasure of Modernist Music: Listening, Meaning, Intention, Ideology. Boydell & Brewer. 2004: 351, 384. ISBN 978-1-58046-143-6. [Penderecki's words are] Cited by Miekzyslaw Tomaszewski in his liner notes for Penderecki: Orchestral Works, Vol. 1 (Naxos 8.554491, 2000).

[18] [16]
Griffiths, Paul. Review of Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima, Penderecki, K.. The Musical Times. 1976, 117 (1605): 915. JSTOR 958398. doi:10.2307/958398.

[19] [17]
Kozak, Mariusz. Experiencing Structure in Penderecki's Threnody: Analysis, Ear-Training, and Musical Understanding. Music Theory Spectrum. 2017-02-01, 38 (2): 200–217. ISSN 0195-6167. doi:10.1093/mts/mtw015.

[jk-20] [18]
Kałużny, Jan A. Krzysztof Penderecki and his Contribution to Modern Musical Notation. The Polish Review (The University of Illinois Press on behalf of the Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences of America). 1963, 8 (3): 86–95. JSTOR 25776495.

[21] [19]
Pappademas, Alex, Radiohead's Runaway Guitarist, The New York Times, 2012-03-09 [2023-08-06], （原始內容存檔於2016-05-20）

[22] [20]
Doherty, Mike, Album Reviews: Jonny Greenwood and David Byrne meet their heroes, National Post (Canada), 2012-03-13 [2014-07-16], （原始內容存檔於2012-03-20）

[23] [21]
Classical Music in Movies : P – Classical Soundtrack and Classical Background Music.. Naxos Records. [2017-02-17]. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-18）.

[24] [22]
Muir, John Kenneth. Wes Craven: The Art of Horror. Jefferson: McFarland. 1998: 161. ISBN 978-0-7864-1923-4. OCLC 66655309 （英語）.

[25] [23]
Murray, Noel. 'Twin Peaks' Season 3, Episode 8: White Light White Heat. The New York Times. 2017-06-26 [2023-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-27）.

[26] [24]
Atad, Corey. Last Night's Terrifying 'Twin Peaks' Will Be Remembered as One of the Best Episodes of Television Ever. Esquire. 2017-06-26 [2023-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-06）（英語）.

[27] [25]
Robert Parrish, director. Journey to the Far Side of the Sun (Motion picture). Screenplay by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson and Donald James. Produced by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson. Music by Barry Gray. Cinematography by John Read. Edited by Len Walter. Century 21 Cinema Productions. 1969-08-27. OCLC 905922131.

[28] [26]
Power, Martin. Nailed to History: The Story of the Manic Street Preachers. London: Omnibus. 2012. ISBN 978-1-78038-148-0.

[29] [27]
SebastiAn (Producer)'s 'Bird Games (Interlude)' – Discover the Sample Source. WhoSampled. [2017-05-05]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-06）.

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