坐牛
来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
坐牛(拉科塔語:Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake;英語:Sitting Bull[a];約1831年—1890年12月15日),美國印第安人拉科塔族胡克帕帕[2]領袖。
此條目可參照英語維基百科相應條目來擴充。 |
此條目需要補充更多來源。 (2018年11月9日) |
坐牛 Sitting Bull Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake | |
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拉科塔族胡克帕帕領袖 | |
個人資料 | |
出生 | Húŋkešni(或"Slow")或 Jumping Badger 約1831年[1] 達科他領地格蘭德河 (南達科他州) |
逝世 | 1890年11月15日(59歲) 格蘭德河,今立石印第安保留區內 |
墓地 | 南達科他州莫布里奇 45°31′0″N 100°29′7″W |
配偶 |
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親屬 |
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兒女 |
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父母 |
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簽名 | |
軍事背景 | |
參戰 | 小大角戰役 |
1831年3月坐牛生於今日美國南達科他州北部,幼時即以遇事三思而聞名。14歲後,成為本部落的酋長。同時,他也是勇敢的戰士,領導本部落對世仇克羅人進行一系列征討。
1876年6月25日在小大角戰役中,坐牛與瘋馬兩人領導本部落和夏延人的聯軍2500人,擊退美國聯邦第7騎兵團,擊斃團長喬治·阿姆斯特朗·卡斯特。之後,他帶領本部落避難加拿大。1881年7月20日,他返回美國,在蒙大拿州向美軍投降,獲得大赦。
在他的晚年,許多美國印第安部落沉浸於一種名叫鬼舞的宗教儀式之中,希望通過這種儀式驅逐白人殖民者。坐牛本人並不是鬼舞的信徒,但是美國政府仍然擔心他領導新一輪針對白人的軍事行動。1890年12月,美國政府派遣了一隊警察試圖拘捕坐牛。15日,坐牛在槍戰中遭擊斃。
延伸閱讀
- Nelson, Paul D., 'A shady Pair' and an 'attempt on his life' – Sitting Bull and His 1884 visit to St. Paul, Ramsey County History Quarterly V38 #1, Ramsey County Historical Society, St Paul, MN, 2003.
- Adams, Alexander B. Sitting Bull: An Epic of the Plains. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1973.
- Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.
- DeWall, Robb. The Saga of Sitting Bull's Bones: The Unusual Story Behind Sculptor Korczak Ziolkowski's Memorial to Chief Sitting Bull. Crazy Horse, S.D.: Korczak's Heritage, 1984.
- Manzione, Joseph. "I Am Looking to the North for My Life": Sitting Bull: 1876–1881. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1991.
- Newson, Thomas McLean. Thrilling scenes among the Indians, with a graphic description of Custer's last fight with Sitting Bull (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Chicago: Belford, Clarke and Co., 1884.
- "Confirmation of the Disaster (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)." The New York Times. July 7, 1876.
- "The Death of Sitting Bull (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)." The New York Times. December 17, 1890.
- "The Last of Sitting Bull (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)." The New York Times. December 16, 1890.
- Reno, Marcus Albert. The official record of a court of inquiry convened at Chicago, Illinois, January 13, 1879, by the President of the United States upon the request of Major Marcus A. Reno, 7th U.S. Cavalry, to investigate his conduct at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, June 25–26, 1876 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). (Reprint online) Pacific Palisades, Calif.: 1951.
- Sifakis, Stewart. Who's Who In The Civil War. New York: Facts on File Publishing, 1988.
- Urwin, Gregory. Custer Victorious: The Civil War Battles of General George Armstrong Custer. Lincoln, Neb.: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1990.
- Utley, Robert M. The Last Days of the Sioux Nation. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1963.
- Utley, Robert M. Sitting Bull: The Life and Times of an American Patriot
- Yenne, Bill. "Sitting Bull." Yardley, PA: Westholme, 2008.
- Vestal, Stanley. Sitting Bull: Champion of the Sioux, a Biography. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1932.
參考資料與腳註
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