反情報計劃

反情報計劃（英語：COunter INTELligence PROgram，簡稱：COINTELPRO）是1956年至1971年間美國聯邦調查局一系列違憲的秘密政治迫害計劃^[1]^[2]，其目的是監視、滲透、中傷及擾亂國內的政治團體^[3]^[4]。聯邦調查局記錄顯示反情報計劃的有關組織會把聯邦調查局認為有顛覆性的組織和個人作為目標^[5]，其中包括美國共產黨^[6]、反越戰運動^[7]、黑人民權運動（如馬丁路德金、伊斯蘭國度、黑豹黨）^[8]、美國印第安運動^[8]、波多黎各獨立運動^[7]、第二波女權主義運動^[9]^[10]、環保運動及各種進步派社運團體等^[7]^[11]。

1971年，聯邦調查局在聖地亞哥資助、武裝和控制了一個由組成的極右翼準軍事組織「秘密軍隊組織（英語：Secret Army Organization）」（Secret Army Organization），以參與反戰運動的團體、活動家和領導人為目標，對他們使用恐嚇和暴力行為^[12]^[13]^[14]。FBI自成立以來就對國內各政治團體採取秘密行動，反情報計劃於1956年至1971年間盛行，通過心理戰策略比如偽造文件和在媒體上植入虛假報導來抹黑目標、跟蹤、騷擾、非法監禁、暴力，甚至暗殺來完全任務，許多這些的策略至今依舊在使用^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18] 。而根據參議院的一份報告，他們認為聯邦調查局的動機是「保護國家安全，防止暴力，維護現有的社會和政治秩序」^[19]。

[1]
I. Introduction and Summary (PDF). Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans – Church Committee final report. II. United States Senate. 1976-04-26: 10 [2014-07-15]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2014-04-18）.
[2]
Wolf, Paul. COINTELPRO: The Untold American Story. World Conference Against Racism. Durbin, South Africa: 11. 2001-09-01 [2018-02-14]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-09）.
[3]
Jalon, Allan M. A break-in to end all break-ins. The Los Angeles Times. 2006-03-08 [2014-07-15]. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-03）.
[4]
The Dangers of Domestic Spying by Federal Law Enforcement (PDF) (報告). American Civil Liberties Union. 2002 [2017-11-14]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-02-05）.
[5]
Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. The FBI: A History. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 2008: 189 [2007]. ISBN 978-0-300-14284-6. OCLC 223872966.
[6]
Weiner 2012，第195頁.
[7]
Bosi, Lorenzo; Giugni, Marco; Uba, Katrin (編). The Consequences of Social Movements. Cambridge University Press. 2016: 66. ISBN 978-1107539211.
[8]
Newton, Michael. White Robes and Burning Crosses: A History of the Ku Klux Klan from 1866. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 2014: 146. ISBN 978-0-7864-7774-6. OCLC 877370955.
[9]
Salper, Roberta. U.S. Government Surveillance and the Women's Liberation Movement, 1968–1973: A Case Study. Feminist Studies. 2008, 34 (3): 431–455 [2022-07-12]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-16） –透過JSTOR.
[10]
The Women's Liberation Movement and COINTELPRO (PDF). www.freedomarchives.org. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-07-24）.
[11]
Groups targeted by COINTELPRO. （原始內容存檔於2012-09-10）.
[12]
Newton, Michael. The FBI Encyclopedia. McFarland. 2012: 143–145 [2018-06-13]. ISBN 978-1476604176. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-05）（英語）.
[13]
Chomsky, Noam. Triumphs of Democracy. chomsky.info (excerpt from Language and Responsibility). [2020-01-19]. （原始內容存檔於2009-01-05）.
[14]
The San Diego Coup. Ramparts. （原始內容存檔於2005-03-08）.
[15]
Walby, Kevin; Monaghan, Jeffery. Private Eyes and Public Order: Policing and Surveillance in the Suppression of Animal Rights Activists in Canada. Bezanson, Kate; Webber, Michelle (編). Rethinking Society in the 21st Century 4th. Toronto: Canadian Scholars. 2016: 148, note 1. ISBN 978-1-55130-936-1. OCLC 1002804017.
[16]
Orr, Martin. The Failure of Neoliberal Globalization and the End of Empire. Berberoglu, Berch (編). Globalization in the 21st Century: Labor, Capital, and the State on a World Scale. Springer. 2010: 182. ISBN 978-0-230-10639-0. OCLC 700167013.
[17]
Swearingen, M. Wesley. FBI Secrets: An Agent's Expose. Boston: South End Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-89608-502-2. OCLC 31330305. [Special Agent Gregg York:] We expected about twenty Panthers to be in the apartment when the police raided the place. Only two of those black nigger fuckers were killed, Fred Hampton and Mark Clark.
[18]
Murder of Fred Hampton (PDF). It's About Time – Black Panther Party Legacy & Alumni. [2009-07-19]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2010-02-15）.
[19]
Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities, Book III: Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans (PDF) (Final Report). 1976 [2017-11-17]. S. Rep. No. 94-755. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2014-04-18）.
[20]
Medsger, Betty. In 1971, Muhammad Ali Helped Undermine the FBI's Illegal Spying on Americans. The Intercept. 2016-06-06 [2017-04-17]. （原始內容存檔於2017-04-27）.
[21]
Maxwell, William J. F.B. Eyes: How J. Edgar Hoover's Ghostreaders Framed African American Literature. Princeton University Press. 2015. ISBN 978-1400852062 （英語）.
[22]
Malcolm X Assassination & FBI COINTELPRO. NOI.org Official Website. 2013-09-11 [2019-11-18]. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-03）（美國英語）.

[church-final-report-1] [1]
I. Introduction and Summary (PDF). Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans – Church Committee final report. II. United States Senate. 1976-04-26: 10 [2014-07-15]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2014-04-18）.

[2] [2]
Wolf, Paul. COINTELPRO: The Untold American Story. World Conference Against Racism. Durbin, South Africa: 11. 2001-09-01 [2018-02-14]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-09）.

[Citizens-3] [3]
Jalon, Allan M. A break-in to end all break-ins. The Los Angeles Times. 2006-03-08 [2014-07-15]. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-03）.

[The-Dangers-of-Domestic-Spying-by-Federal-Law-Enforcement-4] [4]
The Dangers of Domestic Spying by Federal Law Enforcement (PDF) (報告). American Civil Liberties Union. 2002 [2017-11-14]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-02-05）.

[Jeffreys-Jones-5] [5]
Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. The FBI: A History. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 2008: 189 [2007]. ISBN 978-0-300-14284-6. OCLC 223872966.

[Weiner_2012_195-6] [6]
Weiner 2012，第195頁.

[:0-7] [7]
Bosi, Lorenzo; Giugni, Marco; Uba, Katrin (編). The Consequences of Social Movements. Cambridge University Press. 2016: 66. ISBN 978-1107539211.

[:1-8] [8]
Newton, Michael. White Robes and Burning Crosses: A History of the Ku Klux Klan from 1866. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 2014: 146. ISBN 978-0-7864-7774-6. OCLC 877370955.

[9] [9]
Salper, Roberta. U.S. Government Surveillance and the Women's Liberation Movement, 1968–1973: A Case Study. Feminist Studies. 2008, 34 (3): 431–455 [2022-07-12]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-16） –透過JSTOR.

[10] [10]
The Women's Liberation Movement and COINTELPRO (PDF). www.freedomarchives.org. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-07-24）.

[11] [11]
Groups targeted by COINTELPRO. （原始內容存檔於2012-09-10）.

[Newton_143–145-12] [12]
Newton, Michael. The FBI Encyclopedia. McFarland. 2012: 143–145 [2018-06-13]. ISBN 978-1476604176. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-05）（英語）.

[chomsky.info-13] [13]
Chomsky, Noam. Triumphs of Democracy. chomsky.info (excerpt from Language and Responsibility). [2020-01-19]. （原始內容存檔於2009-01-05）.

[14] [14]
The San Diego Coup. Ramparts. （原始內容存檔於2005-03-08）.

[15] [15]
Walby, Kevin; Monaghan, Jeffery. Private Eyes and Public Order: Policing and Surveillance in the Suppression of Animal Rights Activists in Canada. Bezanson, Kate; Webber, Michelle (編). Rethinking Society in the 21st Century 4th. Toronto: Canadian Scholars. 2016: 148, note 1. ISBN 978-1-55130-936-1. OCLC 1002804017.

[16] [16]
Orr, Martin. The Failure of Neoliberal Globalization and the End of Empire. Berberoglu, Berch (編). Globalization in the 21st Century: Labor, Capital, and the State on a World Scale. Springer. 2010: 182. ISBN 978-0-230-10639-0. OCLC 700167013.

[FBI_Secrets_1995-17] [17]
Swearingen, M. Wesley. FBI Secrets: An Agent's Expose. Boston: South End Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-89608-502-2. OCLC 31330305. [Special Agent Gregg York:] We expected about twenty Panthers to be in the apartment when the police raided the place. Only two of those black nigger fuckers were killed, Fred Hampton and Mark Clark.

[itsabouttimebpp.com-18] [18]
Murder of Fred Hampton (PDF). It's About Time – Black Panther Party Legacy & Alumni. [2009-07-19]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2010-02-15）.

[19] [19]
Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities, Book III: Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans (PDF) (Final Report). 1976 [2017-11-17]. S. Rep. No. 94-755. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2014-04-18）.

[Intercept-20] [20]
Medsger, Betty. In 1971, Muhammad Ali Helped Undermine the FBI's Illegal Spying on Americans. The Intercept. 2016-06-06 [2017-04-17]. （原始內容存檔於2017-04-27）.

[21] [21]
Maxwell, William J. F.B. Eyes: How J. Edgar Hoover's Ghostreaders Framed African American Literature. Princeton University Press. 2015. ISBN 978-1400852062 （英語）.

[22] [22]
Malcolm X Assassination & FBI COINTELPRO. NOI.org Official Website. 2013-09-11 [2019-11-18]. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-03）（美國英語）.

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參考資料