雷氏不連續面

雷氏不連續面（Lehmann discontinuity）或稱雷嫚不連續面、萊曼不連續面，是指在地球的地幔中，地震波P波和S波突然加速的區域，該區域一般在5150km深，為內核與外核的交界點公里深處，該區域厚度約220公里^{[來源請求]}。該不連續面由丹麥女性地震學家英格·雷曼於1936年發現並以其姓氏命名^[2]。

歷史

英格·雷曼於1953年從丹麥大地測量研究所退休，她在該研究所任職的最後幾年和同事的關係不合，部分原因可能是她沒有耐心應付能力不如她的同事。之後萊曼在美國居住數年，並且和莫里斯·尤因以及法蘭克·普萊斯共同研究地殼和地幔。這段時間她發現了另一個地震波不連續面，該不連續面位於190～250公里深處，並命名為「雷氏不連續面」作為對她的尊敬。^{[來源請求]}

其他用法

部分文獻中，雷氏不連續面是指190～250公里深處的不連續面。^{[來源請求]} 此雷氏不連續面在大陸地殼下存在，但在海洋地殼的大多數區域以下不存在^[3]，並且在全球性的平均研究中不容易出現。關於地震波速度增加的現象已有數個解釋提出，例如它的下限和有彈性的軟流圈相連，相變造成震波速度變化^[4]；而目前認為最可能的是S波在深度變化時的非均向性 ^[5]。相關細節請參見唐戸俊一郎著作^[6]。

註釋

[1]
Figure patterned after Don L Anderson. New theory of the earth 2nd. Cambridge University Press. 2007: 102, Figure 8.6. ISBN 0-521-84959-4.; Original figure attributed to Grand & Helmberger (1984)
[2]
，參見 William Lowrie. Fundamentals of geophysics. Cambridge University Press. 1997: 158 [2013-03-13]. ISBN 0-521-46728-4. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-13）.
[3]
Lars Stixrude and Carolina Lithgow-Bertolloni. Mineralogy and elasticity of the oceanic upper mantle: Origin of the low-velocity zone (PDF). J Geophys. Res. 2005, 110: B03204. doi:10.1029/2004JB002965. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-08-30）. The first possible explanation is that the Lehmann is not a global feature...the Lehmann is more prevalent under continents and may be absent under all or most of the oceans.
[4]
Kent C. Condie. Plate tectonics and crustal evolution 4rth. Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997: 123. ISBN 0-7506-3386-7.
[5]
MK Savage, KM Fischer CE Hall. Strain modelling, seismic anisotropy and coupling at strike-slip boundaries.... John Gocott (編). Vertical coupling and decoupling in the lithosphere; Volume 227 of special publications. Geological Society. 2004: 14. ISBN 1-86239-159-9.
[6]
Shunʼichirō Karato. Deformation of earth materials: an introduction to the rheology of solid earth. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 318. ISBN 0-521-84404-5.

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延伸閱讀

P Caloi. The “20° Discontinuity”. H. E. Landsberg, J. Van Mieghem (編). Advances in geophysics, Volume 12. Academic Press. 1967: 167 ff. ISBN 0-12-018812-0. – some historic background.

外部連結

Inge Lehmann, UCLA
Career highlights of Inge Lehmann from UCLA （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[Anderson1-1] [1]
Figure patterned after Don L Anderson. New theory of the earth 2nd. Cambridge University Press. 2007: 102, Figure 8.6. ISBN 0-521-84959-4.; Original figure attributed to Grand & Helmberger (1984)

[Lowrie-2] [2]
，參見 William Lowrie. Fundamentals of geophysics. Cambridge University Press. 1997: 158 [2013-03-13]. ISBN 0-521-46728-4. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-13）.

[Stixrude-3] [3]
Lars Stixrude and Carolina Lithgow-Bertolloni. Mineralogy and elasticity of the oceanic upper mantle: Origin of the low-velocity zone (PDF). J Geophys. Res. 2005, 110: B03204. doi:10.1029/2004JB002965. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-08-30）. The first possible explanation is that the Lehmann is not a global feature...the Lehmann is more prevalent under continents and may be absent under all or most of the oceans.

[Condie-4] [4]
Kent C. Condie. Plate tectonics and crustal evolution 4rth. Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997: 123. ISBN 0-7506-3386-7.

[Savage-5] [5]
MK Savage, KM Fischer CE Hall. Strain modelling, seismic anisotropy and coupling at strike-slip boundaries.... John Gocott (編). Vertical coupling and decoupling in the lithosphere; Volume 227 of special publications. Geological Society. 2004: 14. ISBN 1-86239-159-9.

[Karato-6] [6]
Shunʼichirō Karato. Deformation of earth materials: an introduction to the rheology of solid earth. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 318. ISBN 0-521-84404-5.

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