語音拼寫
ཀ | ka | ka/ká | ཅ | ca | ʨa/ʨá | ཏ | ta | ta/tá | པ | pa | pa/pá |
ཁ | kha | kʰa/kʰá | ཆ | cha | ʨʰa/ʨʰá | ཐ | tha | tʰa/tʰá | ཕ | pha | pʰa/pʰá |
ག | ga | ga/kʰà | ཇ | ja | ʥa/ʨʰà | ད | da | da/tʰà | བ | ba | ba/pʰà |
ང | nga | ŋa/ŋà | ཉ | nya | ɲa/ɲà | ན | na | na/nà | མ | ma | ma/mà |
ཙ | tsa | tsa/tsá | ཞ | zha | ʑa/ɕà | ར | ra | ra/ʐà | ཧ | ha | ha/há |
ཚ | tsha | tsʰa/tsʰá | ཟ | za | za/sà | ལ | la | la/là | ཨ | a | a/á |
ཛ | dza | dza/tsʰà | འ | 'a | ɦa/ʔà | ཤ | sha | ɕa/ɕá | |||
ཝ | wa | wa/wà | ཡ | ya | ja/jà | ས | sa | sa/sá |
聲調
標準藏語有四個聲調:調值為55的高平調(標為´或˥˥)、調值為53的降調(標為^或˥˧)、調值為12的低平調(標為`或˩˨)、調值為14的升調(標為ˇ或˩˦)。每個音節的聲調和該音節在7世紀的聲母和韻尾有嚴密的對應關係,以濁輔音字母爲基字的音節在當代藏語裏讀做低平調,以清輔音字母爲基字的音節在標準藏語裏讀做高平調,以 -ག、-གས、-བ、-བས、-ད、-ས、-ངས 和 -མས 為後加字的音節,原本高平調要變爲降調,原本低平調要變爲升調。
元音
藏文有 /a/、/i/、/u/、/e/、/o/ 五個基本元音,每個無附標的藏文字母表示元音為a的音節,在字母上方加附標-ི表示元音為/i/的音節,在字母下方加附標-ུ表示元音為/u/的音節,在字母上方加附標-ེ表示元音為/e/的音節,在字母上方加附標-ོ表示元音為/o/的音節。
輔音
藏文有30個基本單輔音字母,每個字母在7世紀的發音是輔音加元音a。在當代標準藏語的發音出現了有規律的變化,基字聲母為濁塞音、濁擦音和濁塞擦音的字母讀成相對應的送氣清輔音。
音變
在標準藏語中,如果一個音節以ས/s/、ད/d/、ན/n/、ལ/l/為第一後加字,元音要發生音變(sound change),/a/讀成/ɛ/,ོ/o/讀成/ø/,ུ/u/讀成/y/,並且ས/s/、ད/d/兩個後加字不發音,後加字ན/n/和前面的元音合成鼻化元音。
鍵盤排列法
中國國家標準藏語鍵盤佈局
參見
參考文獻
- H. A. Jäschke. Tibetan–English Dictionary reprint. LONDON: Taylor and Francis. 1881: 671 [2011-06-30]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-20).(Original from Oxford University)
- Heinrich August Jäschke. A Tibetan–English dictionary, with special reference to the prevailing dialects: To which is added an English-Tibetan vocabulary. LONDON: Printed by Unger Brothers (T. Grimm). 1881: 671 [2011-06-30]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-20).(Original from Harvard University)
- Heinrich August Jäschke. Heinrich Wenzel , 編. Tibetan grammar. Volume 7 of Trübner's collection of simplified grammars 2. LONDON: Trübner & co. 1883: 104 [2011-06-30]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-20).(Original from Harvard University)
- Graham Sandberg. Hand-book of colloquial Tibetan: A practical guide to the language of Central Tibet .... Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and co. 1894: 372 [2011-06-30]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-19).(Original from Harvard University)
- Heinrich August Jäschke. Romanized Tibetan and English dictionary. 1866: 158 [2011-06-30]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-19).(Original from Oxford University)
- Heinrich August Jäschke, A short practical grammar of the Tibetan language, with special reference to the spoken dialects, London: Hardinge Simpole, 1865, 2004 [Compendium ed.], ISBN 1-84382-077-3 . " ... contains a facsimile of the original publication in manuscript, the first printed version of 1883, and the later Addenda published with the Third Edition."—P. [4] of cover./ First edition published in Kye-Lang in Brit. Lahoul by the author, in manuscript, in 1865.
- Naga, Sangye Tandar. (2010). "Some Reflections on the Mysterious Nature of Tibetan Language" In: The Tibet Journal, Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 561–566.
- Nicolas Tournadre and Sangda Dorje, Manual of Standard Tibetan, New York: Snow Lion Publications, 2003, ISBN 1-55939-189-8.
- Sarat Chandra Das, Tibetan–English Dictionary (With Sanskrit Synonyms), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2000, ISBN 81-208-1713-3. (Reprint of the Calcutta : Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, 1902 edition.)
- Hodge, Stephen, An Introduction to Classical Tibetan, Orchid Press, 2003, ISBN 974-524-039-7.
- Bernard, Theos C., A Simplified Grammar of the Literary Tibetan Language, Santa Barbara, California: Tibetan Text Society, 1946.
外部連結
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