稜齒龍科

棱齒龍科; 化石時期：早白堊紀, 130–125 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
	稜齒龍，生存於早白堊紀的歐洲與北美
保護狀況
	無效狀況
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	蜥形綱 Sauropsida
總目：	恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目：	†鳥臀目 Ornithischia
演化支：	†頜齒類 Genasauria
演化支：	†新鳥臀類 Neornithischia
演化支：	†盾齒類 Clypeodonta
科：	†棱齒龍科 Hypsilophodontidae; Dollo, 1882
下屬種類
	†棱齒龍屬 Hypsilophodon; ?†腱龍屬 Tenontosaurus; ?†凹齒龍科 Rhabdodontidae;

稜齒龍科（Hypsilophodontidae）或稱稜齒龍類（Hypsilophodont），名稱來源是鬣蜥中的Hypsilophus屬，意為「高冠狀的牙齒」。稜齒龍類是群小型鳥腳類恐龍，身長平均1到2公尺，被認為是行動快速的植食性二足恐龍。稜齒龍類發現於亞洲、澳洲、歐洲、北美洲、以及南美洲的中侏儸紀到晚白堊紀岩層間。稜齒龍類傳統上包括了所有非禽龍類的二足鳥腳亞目恐龍，某些早期種系發生學研究認為稜齒龍類是自然演化支^[1]^[2]，但最近的研究發現稜齒龍類是並系群，並有一支系往禽龍類演化^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]。某些研究更認為部分稜齒龍類並不屬鳥腳下目^[10]^[11]，目前唯一確定的物種是稜齒龍（Hypsilophodon）。稜齒龍科演化樹因為缺乏研究而顯得複雜。

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演化關係

稜齒龍科是自然演化支（單系群）的假設，早在90年代中後期就已逐漸淘汰。以下稜齒龍類演化樹，取自於Clint A. Boyd等人的2009年研究，支持了稜齒龍類並系群的假設^[9]。這個演化樹並沒有寫入鳥臀目、鳥腳下目、禽龍類等分類單元，僅包含腱龍等原始禽龍類。傳統上的稜齒龍類的範圍，大致從靈龍、何信祿龍到稜齒龍、加斯帕里尼龍之間。

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	奔山龍

	西風龍

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	帕克氏龍

	奇異龍

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稜齒龍

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加斯帕里尼龍

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	腱龍

	其他鳥腳下目

以下列表是根據大衛·諾曼（David Norman）等人在2004年的研究^[7]。以下屬為經常被列為稜齒龍類的有效屬：

靈龍 Agilisaurus
何信祿龍 Hexinlusaurus （過去是多齒靈龍 A. multidens）^[12]
厚頰龍 Bugenasaura （目前被認為是奇異龍的次異名）^[9]
加斯帕里尼龍 Gasparinisaura
稜齒龍 Hypsilophodon
韓國龍 Koreanosaurus^[13]
奔山龍 Orodromeus
奧斯尼爾洛龍 Othnielosaurus^[14]
帕克氏龍 Parksosaurus
奇異龍 Thescelosaurus
西風龍 Zephyrosaurus

以下屬皆為有效屬，但未分類的屬： ^[7]

阿納拜斯龍 Anabisetia
阿特拉斯科普柯龍 Atlascopcosaurus
德林克龍 Drinker
五彩灣工部龍 "Gongbusaurus wucaiwanensis" （= 真工部龍 "Eugongbusaurus"）
閃電獸龍 Fulgurotherium
熱河龍 Jeholosaurus
雷利諾龍 Leaellynasaura
南方稜齒龍 Notohypsilophodon
快達龍 Qantassaurus
鹽都龍 Yandusaurus
"Proctor Lake hypsilophodont"

數個其他屬了解不多，或是並不一定屬於本科^[7]：

化石龍 Laosaurus
侏儒龍 Nanosaurus
奧斯尼爾龍 Othnielia （不包含伴侶化石龍）
葉牙龍 Phyllodon

以上列表並沒有包含近年命名的長春龍（Changchunsaurus）^[15]、掘奔龍（Oryctodromeus）^[8]。

另一個版本與新資料

最近數個關於鳥臀目的研究，例如Butler（2005年）^[16]、Barrett等人（2005年）^[17]、徐星等人（2006年）^[18]、以及Butler等人（2007年）的研究^[10]，發現原始鳥臀目恐龍與原始鳥腳亞目恐龍有些演化關聯，但每個研究提出的演化關係都不同。這領域自從80年代晚期以來缺乏研究；加上數個種被重新分類為非鳥腳亞目恐龍，例如靈龍、奧斯尼爾洛龍，都造成分類上的困難^[8]^[11]。

David J. Varricchio等人在2007年的研究發現新屬掘奔龍，與發現於蒙大拿州的奔山龍、西風龍，形成一個演化支^[8]。在2009年，Clint A. Boyd等人也發現相同的結果，他們同時發現，帕克氏龍、奇異龍兩者的親緣關係相當接近；而這些北美洲的稜齒龍類，共同形成一個演化支^[9]。

古生物學

稜齒龍類是體型小（身長1到2公尺）、二足、善於奔跑的植食性恐龍^[7]。經常非正式被比喻為瞪羚。然而，有證據顯示至少某些稜齒龍類在洞穴裏照顧牠們的未成年體^[8]。除了掘奔龍以外，一個發現於澳洲維多利亞州的化石，可能也屬於穴居的稜齒龍類，但是生存年代較早^[19]。

參考資料

[1]
Sues, Hans-Dieter; and Norman, David B. Hypsilophodontidae, Tenontosaurus, Dryosauridae. Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.) (編). The Dinosauria 1st. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1990: 498–509. ISBN 0-520-06727-4.
[2]
Weishamepel, David B.; and Heinrich, Ronald E. Systematics of Hypsilophodontidae and Basal Iguanodontia (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) (PDF). Historical Biology. 1992, 6: 159–184 [2007-03-10]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-09-30）.
[3]
Scheetz, Rodney D. Phylogeny of basal ornithopod dinosaurs and the dissolution of the Hypsilophodontidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1998, 18 (3, Suppl.): p. 75A.
[4]
Winkler, Dale A.; Murry, Phillip A.; and Jacobs, Louis L. The new ornithopod dinosaur from Proctor Lake, Texas, and the deconstruction of the family Hypsilophodontidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1998, 18 (3, Suppl.): p. 87A.
[5]
Buchholz, Peter W. Phylogeny and biogeography of basal Ornithischia. The Mesozoic in Wyoming, Tate 2002. Casper, Wyoming: The Geological Museum, Casper College. 2002: 18–34.
[6]
Weishampel, David B.; Jianu, Coralia-Maria; Csiki, Z.; and Norman, David B. Osteology and phylogeny of Zalmoxes (n.g.), an unusual euornithopod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Romania. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2003, 1 (2): 1–56. doi:10.1017/S1477201903001032.
[7]
Norman, David B.; Sues, Hans-Dieter; Witmer, Larry M.; and Coria, Rodolfo A. Basal Ornithopoda. Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.) (編). The Dinosauria 2nd. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2004: 393-412. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
[8]
Varricchio, David J.; Martin, Anthony J.; and Katsura, Yoshihiro. First trace and body fossil evidence of a burrowing, denning dinosaur. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2007,. online preprint. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0443.
[9]
Boyd, Clint A.; Brown, Caleb M.; Scheetz, Rodney D.; and Clarke, Julia A. Taxonomic revision of the basal neornithischian taxa Thescelosaurus and Bugenasaura. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2009, 29 (3): 758–770.
[10]
Butler, Richard J.; Smith, Roger M.H.; and Norman, David B. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Late Triassic of South Africa, and the early evolution and diversification of Ornithischia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2007, 274: 2041. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0367.
[11]
Butler, Richard J.; Upchurch, Paul; and Norman, David B. The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2008, 6 (1): 1–40. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002271.
[12]
Barrett, P.M., Butler, R. J., and Knoll, F. 2005. Small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic of Sichuan, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25:823-834.
[13]
Min Huh, Dae-Gil Lee, Jung-Kyun Kim, Jong-Deock Lim, Pascal Godefroit. A new basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of South Korea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaeontologie, Abhandlungen. 2011, 259 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0102.
[14]
Galton, Peter M. Teeth of ornithischian dinosaurs (mostly Ornithopoda) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of the western United States. Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.) (編). Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 2007: 17–47. ISBN 0-253-34817-X.
[15]
Zan Shu-Qin; Chen Jun; Jin Li-Yong; and Li Tao. A primitive ornithopod from the Early Cretaceous Quantou Formation of Central Jilin, China. Vertebrata Palasiatica. 2005, 43 (3): 182–193 （中文及英語）.
[16]
Butler, Richard J. The "fabrosaurid" ornithischian dinosaurs of the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa and Lesotho. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2005, 145 (2): 175–218.
[17]
Barrett, Paul M.; Butler, Richard J.; and Knoll, Fabian. Small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic of Sichuan, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2005, 25 (4): 823–834.
[18]
Xu X.; Forster, C.A.; Clark, J.M.; and Mo J. A basal ceratopsian with transitional features from the Late Jurassic of northwestern China. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2006, 273: 2135–2140. doi:10.1098/2006.3566.
[19]
Martin, A.J. Dinosaur burrows in the Otway Group (Albian) of Victoria, Australia, and their relation to Cretaceous polar environments. Cretaceous Research. 2009,. online preprint. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.06.003.

[SN90-1] [1]
Sues, Hans-Dieter; and Norman, David B. Hypsilophodontidae, Tenontosaurus, Dryosauridae. Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.) (編). The Dinosauria 1st. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1990: 498–509. ISBN 0-520-06727-4.

[WH92-2] [2]
Weishamepel, David B.; and Heinrich, Ronald E. Systematics of Hypsilophodontidae and Basal Iguanodontia (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) (PDF). Historical Biology. 1992, 6: 159–184 [2007-03-10]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-09-30）.

[RS98-3] [3]
Scheetz, Rodney D. Phylogeny of basal ornithopod dinosaurs and the dissolution of the Hypsilophodontidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1998, 18 (3, Suppl.): p. 75A.

[WMJ98-4] [4]
Winkler, Dale A.; Murry, Phillip A.; and Jacobs, Louis L. The new ornithopod dinosaur from Proctor Lake, Texas, and the deconstruction of the family Hypsilophodontidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1998, 18 (3, Suppl.): p. 87A.

[PB02-5] [5]
Buchholz, Peter W. Phylogeny and biogeography of basal Ornithischia. The Mesozoic in Wyoming, Tate 2002. Casper, Wyoming: The Geological Museum, Casper College. 2002: 18–34.

[WJCN03-6] [6]
Weishampel, David B.; Jianu, Coralia-Maria; Csiki, Z.; and Norman, David B. Osteology and phylogeny of Zalmoxes (n.g.), an unusual euornithopod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Romania. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2003, 1 (2): 1–56. doi:10.1017/S1477201903001032.

[NSWC04-7] [7]
Norman, David B.; Sues, Hans-Dieter; Witmer, Larry M.; and Coria, Rodolfo A. Basal Ornithopoda. Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.) (編). The Dinosauria 2nd. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2004: 393-412. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.

[VMK07-8] [8]
Varricchio, David J.; Martin, Anthony J.; and Katsura, Yoshihiro. First trace and body fossil evidence of a burrowing, denning dinosaur. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2007,. online preprint. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0443.

[CABetal09-9] [9]
Boyd, Clint A.; Brown, Caleb M.; Scheetz, Rodney D.; and Clarke, Julia A. Taxonomic revision of the basal neornithischian taxa Thescelosaurus and Bugenasaura. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2009, 29 (3): 758–770.

[Butleretal07-10] [10]
Butler, Richard J.; Smith, Roger M.H.; and Norman, David B. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Late Triassic of South Africa, and the early evolution and diversification of Ornithischia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2007, 274: 2041. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0367.

[BUN08-11] [11]
Butler, Richard J.; Upchurch, Paul; and Norman, David B. The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2008, 6 (1): 1–40. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002271.

[12] [12]
Barrett, P.M., Butler, R. J., and Knoll, F. 2005. Small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic of Sichuan, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25:823-834.

[Huh-13] [13]
Min Huh, Dae-Gil Lee, Jung-Kyun Kim, Jong-Deock Lim, Pascal Godefroit. A new basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of South Korea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaeontologie, Abhandlungen. 2011, 259 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0102.

[PMG07-14] [14]
Galton, Peter M. Teeth of ornithischian dinosaurs (mostly Ornithopoda) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of the western United States. Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.) (編). Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 2007: 17–47. ISBN 0-253-34817-X.

[ZCJL05-15] [15]
Zan Shu-Qin; Chen Jun; Jin Li-Yong; and Li Tao. A primitive ornithopod from the Early Cretaceous Quantou Formation of Central Jilin, China. Vertebrata Palasiatica. 2005, 43 (3): 182–193 （中文及英語）.

[RJB05-16] [16]
Butler, Richard J. The "fabrosaurid" ornithischian dinosaurs of the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa and Lesotho. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2005, 145 (2): 175–218.

[BBK05-17] [17]
Barrett, Paul M.; Butler, Richard J.; and Knoll, Fabian. Small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic of Sichuan, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2005, 25 (4): 823–834.

[XFCM06-18] [18]
Xu X.; Forster, C.A.; Clark, J.M.; and Mo J. A basal ceratopsian with transitional features from the Late Jurassic of northwestern China. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2006, 273: 2135–2140. doi:10.1098/2006.3566.

[AJM09-19] [19]
Martin, A.J. Dinosaur burrows in the Otway Group (Albian) of Victoria, Australia, and their relation to Cretaceous polar environments. Cretaceous Research. 2009,. online preprint. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.06.003.

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