希羅公式(英語:Heron's formula或Hero's formula),又譯希羅公式[1]。由古希臘數學家亞歷山大港的希羅發現,並在其於公元60年所著的《Metrica》中載有數學證明,原理是利用三角形的三條邊長求取三角形面積。亦有認為更早的阿基米德已經了解這條公式,因為《Metrica》是一部古代數學知識的結集,該公式的發現時間很有可能先於希羅的著作。[2] 假設有一個三角形,邊長分別為 a , b , c {\displaystyle a,b,c} ,三角形的面積 A {\displaystyle A} 可由以下公式求得: A = s ( s − a ) ( s − b ) ( s − c ) {\displaystyle A={\sqrt {s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}}} ,其中 s = a + b + c 2 {\displaystyle s={\frac {a+b+c}{2}}} 中國南宋末年數學家秦九韶發現或知道等價的公式,其著作《數書九章》卷五第二題即三斜求積。「問沙田一段,有三斜,其小斜一十三里,中斜一十四里,大斜一十五里,里法三百步,欲知為田幾何?」答曰:「三百十五頃.」其術文是:「以小斜冪併大斜冪,減中斜冪,餘半之,自乘於上;以小斜冪乘大斜冪,減上,餘四約之,爲實,一為從隅,開平方,得積。」若以大斜記為 a {\displaystyle a} ,中斜記為 b {\displaystyle b} ,小斜記為 c {\displaystyle c} ,秦九韶的方法相當於下面的一般公式: A = 1 4 [ a 2 c 2 − ( a 2 + c 2 − b 2 2 ) 2 ] {\displaystyle A={\sqrt {{\frac {1}{4}}\left[a^{2}c^{2}-\left({\frac {a^{2}+c^{2}-b^{2}}{2}}\right)^{2}\right]}}} ,其中 a ≥ b ≥ c {\displaystyle a\geq b\geq c} 像其他中國古代的數學家一樣,他的方法沒有證明。根據現代數學家吳文俊的研究,秦九韶公式可由出入相補原理得出。 由於任何 n {\displaystyle n} 邊的多邊形都可以分割成 n − 2 {\displaystyle n-2} 個三角形,所以希羅公式可以用作求多邊形面積的公式。比如說測量土地的面積的時候,不用測三角形的高,只需測兩點間的距離,就可以方便地匯出答案。 證明 利用三角公式和代數式變形來證明 與希羅在他的著作《Metrica》中的原始證明不同,在此我們用三角公式和公式變形來證明。設三角形的三邊 a , b , c {\displaystyle a,b,c} 的對角分別為 A , B , C {\displaystyle A,B,C} ,則餘弦定理為 cos C = a 2 + b 2 − c 2 2 a b {\displaystyle \cos C={\frac {a^{2}+b^{2}-c^{2}}{2ab}}} 利用和平方、差平方、平方差等公式,從而有 sin C = 1 − cos 2 C = ( 1 + cos C ) ( 1 − cos C ) = ( 1 + a 2 + b 2 − c 2 2 a b ) ( 1 − a 2 + b 2 − c 2 2 a b ) = ( 2 a b + ( a 2 + b 2 − c 2 ) 2 a b ) ( 2 a b − ( a 2 + b 2 − c 2 ) 2 a b ) = ( ( 2 a b + a 2 + b 2 ) − c 2 2 a b ) ( c 2 − ( a 2 + b 2 − 2 a b ) 2 a b ) = [ ( a + b ) 2 − c 2 2 a b ] [ c 2 − ( a − b ) 2 2 a b ] = ( a + b + c ) ( a + b − c ) ( c + a − b ) ( c − a + b ) 2 a b = ( 2 s ) ( 2 s − 2 c ) ( 2 s − 2 b ) ( 2 s − 2 a ) 2 a b = 2 a b s ( s − c ) ( s − b ) ( s − a ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sin C&={\sqrt {1-\cos ^{2}C}}\\&={\sqrt {(1+\cos C)(1-\cos C)}}\\&={\sqrt {\left(1+{\frac {a^{2}+b^{2}-c^{2}}{2ab}}\right)\left(1-{\frac {a^{2}+b^{2}-c^{2}}{2ab}}\right)}}\\&={\sqrt {\left({\frac {2ab+(a^{2}+b^{2}-c^{2})}{2ab}}\right)\left({\frac {2ab-(a^{2}+b^{2}-c^{2})}{2ab}}\right)}}\\&={\sqrt {\left({\frac {(2ab+a^{2}+b^{2})-c^{2}}{2ab}}\right)\left({\frac {c^{2}-(a^{2}+b^{2}-2ab)}{2ab}}\right)}}\\&={\sqrt {\left[{\frac {(a+b)^{2}-c^{2}}{2ab}}\right]\left[{\frac {c^{2}-(a-b)^{2}}{2ab}}\right]}}\\&={\frac {\sqrt {(a+b+c)(a+b-c)(c+a-b)(c-a+b)}}{2ab}}\\&={\frac {\sqrt {(2s)(2s-2c)(2s-2b)(2s-2a)}}{2ab}}\\&={\frac {2}{ab}}{\sqrt {s(s-c)(s-b)(s-a)}}\end{aligned}}} A = 1 2 a b sin C = a b 2 ⋅ 2 a b s ( s − a ) ( s − b ) ( s − c ) = s ( s − a ) ( s − b ) ( s − c ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A&={\frac {1}{2}}ab\sin C\\&={\frac {ab}{2}}\cdot {\frac {2}{ab}}{\sqrt {s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}}\\&={\sqrt {s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}}\end{aligned}}} 利用畢氏定理和代數式變形來證明 b 2 = h 2 + d 2 {\displaystyle b^{2}=h^{2}+d^{2}} a 2 = h 2 + ( c − d ) 2 {\displaystyle a^{2}=h^{2}+(c-d)^{2}} a 2 − b 2 = c 2 − 2 c d {\displaystyle a^{2}-b^{2}=c^{2}-2cd} d = − a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2 c {\displaystyle d={\frac {-a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}}{2c}}} h 2 = b 2 − ( − a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2 c ) 2 = ( 2 b c − a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) ( 2 b c + a 2 − b 2 − c 2 ) 4 c 2 = ( ( b + c ) 2 − a 2 ) ( a 2 − ( b − c ) 2 ) 4 c 2 = ( b + c − a ) ( b + c + a ) ( a + b − c ) ( a − b + c ) 4 c 2 = 2 ( s − a ) ⋅ 2 s ⋅ 2 ( s − c ) ⋅ 2 ( s − b ) 4 c 2 = 4 s ( s − a ) ( s − b ) ( s − c ) c 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}h^{2}&=b^{2}-\left({\frac {-a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}}{2c}}\right)^{2}\\&={\frac {(2bc-a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2})(2bc+a^{2}-b^{2}-c^{2})}{4c^{2}}}\\&={\frac {((b+c)^{2}-a^{2})(a^{2}-(b-c)^{2})}{4c^{2}}}\\&={\frac {(b+c-a)(b+c+a)(a+b-c)(a-b+c)}{4c^{2}}}\\&={\frac {2(s-a)\cdot 2s\cdot 2(s-c)\cdot 2(s-b)}{4c^{2}}}\\&={\frac {4s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}{c^{2}}}\end{aligned}}} A = c h 2 = c 2 4 ⋅ 4 s ( s − a ) ( s − b ) ( s − c ) c 2 = s ( s − a ) ( s − b ) ( s − c ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A&={\frac {ch}{2}}\\&={\sqrt {{\frac {c^{2}}{4}}\cdot {\frac {4s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}{c^{2}}}}}\\&={\sqrt {s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}}\end{aligned}}} 用旁心來證明 設 △ A B C {\displaystyle \bigtriangleup ABC} 中, A B ¯ = c , B C ¯ = a , C A ¯ = b {\displaystyle {\overline {AB}}=c,{\overline {BC}}=a,{\overline {CA}}=b} 。 I {\displaystyle I} 為內心, I a , I b , I c {\displaystyle I_{a},I_{b},I_{c}} 為三旁切圓。 ∵ ∠ I a B I = ∠ I a C I = 90 o {\displaystyle \because \angle I_{a}BI=\angle I_{a}CI=90^{\mathsf {o}}} ∴ I a C I B {\displaystyle \therefore I_{a}CIB} 四點共圓,並設此圓為圓 O {\displaystyle O} 。 過 I {\displaystyle I} 做鉛直線交 B C ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {BC}}} 於 P {\displaystyle P} ,再延長 I P ↔ {\displaystyle {\overleftrightarrow {IP}}} ,使之與圓 O {\displaystyle O} 交於 Q {\displaystyle Q} 點。再過 I a {\displaystyle I_{a}} 做鉛直線交 B C ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {BC}}} 於 R {\displaystyle R} 點。 先證明 ◻ I a Q P R {\displaystyle \Box I_{a}QPR} 為矩形: ∵ ∠ Q P R = 90 o , ∠ I a R P = 90 o {\displaystyle \because \angle QPR=90^{\mathsf {o}},\angle I_{a}RP=90^{\mathsf {o}}} ,又 ∠ I a Q I = ∠ I a B I = 90 o {\displaystyle \angle I_{a}QI=\angle I_{a}BI=90^{\mathsf {o}}} (圓周角相等)。 ∴ ◻ I a Q P R {\displaystyle \therefore \Box I_{a}QPR} 為矩形。因此, I a R ¯ = Q P ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {I_{a}R}}={\overline {QP}}} 。 P I ¯ = {\displaystyle {\overline {PI}}=} 內切圓半徑 = △ a + b + c 2 {\displaystyle ={\frac {\bigtriangleup }{\frac {a+b+c}{2}}}} , I a R ¯ = {\displaystyle {\overline {I_{a}R}}=} 旁切圓半徑 = △ b + c − a 2 {\displaystyle ={\frac {\bigtriangleup }{\frac {b+c-a}{2}}}} 。且易知 B P ¯ = c + a − b 2 , P C ¯ = a + b − c 2 {\displaystyle {\overline {BP}}={\frac {c+a-b}{2}},{\overline {PC}}={\frac {a+b-c}{2}}} 。由圓冪性質得到: P C ¯ × P B ¯ = P Q ¯ × P I ¯ = I a R ¯ × P I ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {PC}}\times {\overline {PB}}={\overline {PQ}}\times {\overline {PI}}={\overline {I_{a}R}}\times {\overline {PI}}} 。故 a + b − c 2 × c + a − b 2 = △ a + b + c 2 × △ b + c − a 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {a+b-c}{2}}\times {\frac {c+a-b}{2}}={\frac {\bigtriangleup }{\frac {a+b+c}{2}}}\times {\frac {\bigtriangleup }{\frac {b+c-a}{2}}}} ⇒△= a + b + c 2 × b + c − a 2 × a + c − b 2 × a + b − c 2 {\displaystyle \Rightarrow \bigtriangleup ={\sqrt {{\frac {a+b+c}{2}}\times {\frac {b+c-a}{2}}\times {\frac {a+c-b}{2}}\times {\frac {a+b-c}{2}}}}} 其他形式 海倫公式可改寫成以冪和表示: A = 1 4 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 2 − 2 ( a 4 + b 4 + c 4 ) = 1 4 2 ( a 2 b 2 + b 2 c 2 + a 2 c 2 ) − ( a 4 + b 4 + c 4 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A&={\frac {1}{4}}{\sqrt {(a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2})^{2}-2(a^{4}+b^{4}+c^{4})}}\\&={\frac {1}{4}}{\sqrt {2(a^{2}b^{2}+b^{2}c^{2}+a^{2}c^{2})-(a^{4}+b^{4}+c^{4})}}\\\end{aligned}}} [註 1] 證明 將海倫公式略為變形,知 16 A 2 = [ ( a + b ) + c ] [ ( a + b ) − c ] × [ c + ( a − b ) ] [ c − ( a − b ) ] {\displaystyle 16A^{2}=[(a+b)+c][(a+b)-c]\times [c+(a-b)][c-(a-b)]} 多次使用平方差公式,得 16 A 2 = [ ( a + b ) 2 − c 2 ] × [ c 2 − ( a − b ) 2 ] = [ 2 a b + ( a 2 + b 2 − c 2 ) ] × [ 2 a b − ( a 2 + b 2 − c 2 ) ] = ( 2 a b ) 2 − ( a 2 + b 2 − c 2 ) 2 = 4 a 2 b 2 − ( a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 a 2 b 2 − 2 b 2 c 2 − 2 a 2 c 2 ) = ( 2 a 2 b 2 + 2 b 2 c 2 + 2 a 2 c 2 ) − ( a 4 + b 4 + c 4 ) = 2 ( a 2 b 2 + b 2 c 2 + a 2 c 2 ) − ( a 4 + b 4 + c 4 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}16A^{2}&=[(a+b)^{2}-c^{2}]\times [c^{2}-(a-b)^{2}]\\&=[2ab+(a^{2}+b^{2}-c^{2})]\times [2ab-(a^{2}+b^{2}-c^{2})]\\&=(2ab)^{2}-(a^{2}+b^{2}-c^{2})^{2}\\&=4a^{2}b^{2}-(a^{4}+b^{4}+c^{4}+2a^{2}b^{2}-2b^{2}c^{2}-2a^{2}c^{2})\\&=(2a^{2}b^{2}+2b^{2}c^{2}+2a^{2}c^{2})-(a^{4}+b^{4}+c^{4})\\&=2(a^{2}b^{2}+b^{2}c^{2}+a^{2}c^{2})-(a^{4}+b^{4}+c^{4})\\\end{aligned}}} 等號兩邊開根號,再同除以4,得 A = 1 4 2 ( a 2 b 2 + b 2 c 2 + a 2 c 2 ) − ( a 4 + b 4 + c 4 ) = 1 4 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 2 − 2 ( a 4 + b 4 + c 4 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A&={\frac {1}{4}}{\sqrt {2(a^{2}b^{2}+b^{2}c^{2}+a^{2}c^{2})-(a^{4}+b^{4}+c^{4})}}\\&={\frac {1}{4}}{\sqrt {(a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2})^{2}-2(a^{4}+b^{4}+c^{4})}}\\\end{aligned}}} 註釋 [註 1]應用實例,如外森比克不等式的證明 資料來源 [1]香港大學教育學院母語教學教師支援中心:數學科詞彙表. [2009-07-06]. (原始內容存檔於2009-06-16). [2]Weisstein, Eric W. (編). Heron's Formula. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. [2009-07-06]. (原始內容存檔於2015-09-05) (英語). 參見 婆羅摩笈多公式:海倫公式對圓內接四邊形的推廣。外部連結 希羅公式 1 希羅公式 2Wikiwand in your browser!Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.Wikiwand for ChromeWikiwand for EdgeWikiwand for Firefox
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