歐洲胰島素阻抗研究組織(EGIR)研究發現胰島素敏感度會依年齡增加而下降,不過兩者關聯性會因身體質量指數(body mass index, BMI)校正而消失。[66]老化後胰島素阻抗性的現象可能來自於腹部脂肪組織增生、骨骼肌肉量降低、生理活動減少、線粒體功能不全、荷爾蒙分泌減退、氧化壓力和慢性發炎等。[67][68]
隨機血糖高於11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl )且出現典型徵狀[24]或糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)高於6.5%是也一種診斷糖尿病的方法[10]。2009年,一個由美國糖尿病協會(American Diabetes Association,簡稱ADA)、國際糖尿病聯合會(International Diabetes Federation,簡稱IDF)和歐洲糖尿病研究協會(European Association for the Study of Diabetes,簡稱EASD)之專家代表組成的國際專家委員會建議糖尿病診斷應使用48 mmol/mol作為臨界值(相當於 HbA1c 6.5%)[77],美國糖尿病協會於2010年採用此建議[78]。只有病患出現典型徵狀和血糖>11.1 mmol/l(>200 mg/dl)才應該重複進行陽性檢驗[77]。
糖尿病是最早被記錄的疾病之一[21],早在公元前約1500年的埃及手稿將其稱為「尿液過多」[161]。據信首個有記載的病例被認為是一型糖尿病[161]。同時期,古印度的醫生在同期也發現了該病,由於患者的尿液會引來螞蟻,因此將其歸稱為「蜜糖尿」(madhumeha)[161]。而現今所使用的醫學術語「diabetes」一詞源自希臘文的「siphon」(虹吸管),意思是「在彎管中流動」,描述其多尿的徵狀。該詞是由希臘人孟菲斯之阿波羅尼奧斯(英語:Apollonius (physician))(Apollonius of Memphis)在公元前230年首次使用[161]。根據蓋倫的描述,在羅馬帝國時期,該病可能屬罕見病,在其生涯中僅見兩例[161]。
對於本條目名稱的用詞解釋:自從1997年,美國糖尿病學會(ADA)與世界衛生組織(WHO)的專家共同開會決定糖尿病的重新命名,廢棄了原來的 NIDDM、誤用的Type II(羅馬數字),而指定使用 Type 2(阿拉伯數字)。主要是由於醫學的新進展以及避免混淆(Type II 近似 Type 11,eleven);並且不使用「Diabetes mellitus Type 2」而是使用「Type 2 diabetes mellitus」(T2DM,其後簡稱T2D)。臺灣國健署及糖尿病學會亦使用「第2型」,非「第二型」,而且不用「第II型」;順序亦有規定:「二型糖尿病」,非「糖尿病第2型」。參考來源見討論頁。
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