菜粉蝶(學名:Pieris rapae,英文俗名:Small White, Small Cabbage White,別名:紋白蝶、日本紋白蝶、白紋蝶、菜白蝶,俗稱菜蟲)在台灣又名白粉蝶,是屬於粉蝶科的一種蝴蝶,是粉蝶屬的一種。廣泛分佈於歐亞大陸大部分地區,並已入侵並立足於北美、北非、澳洲、新西蘭等地低至高海拔地區[3][4]。模式產地為瑞典[5]。
Quick Facts 菜粉蝶, 保護狀況 ...
菜粉蝶
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合翅形態
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展翅形態
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科學分類
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界:
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動物界 Animalia
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門:
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節肢動物門 Arthropoda
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綱:
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昆蟲綱 Insecta
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目:
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鱗翅目 Lepidoptera
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總科:
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鳳蝶總科 Papilionoidea
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科:
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粉蝶科 Pieridae
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屬:
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粉蝶屬 Pieris
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種:
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菜粉蝶 P. rapae
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二名法
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Pieris rapae
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亞種
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共有17個亞種,詳閱正文。
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全球性分佈及入侵時期
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異名
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- Papilio rapae Linnaeus, 1758
- Pieris rapae var. aurea Rolfe, 1876
- Pieris rapae var. similis Krulikovsky, 1890
- Pieris rapae ab. praeteria Krulikowsky, 1908
- Pieris rapae ab. immaculata Gauckler, 1899
- Pieris rapae ab. nigropunctata Lambillion, 1906
- Pieris rapae f. dubiosa Röber, 1907
- Pieris rapae f. flavescenz Röber, 1907
- Pieris rapae f. canadiaeformis Drenowsky, 1910
- Pieris rapae f. subpunctata Kuhlman, 1916
- Pieris rapae f. triangulata Verity, 1917
- Pieris rapae f. tertia Verity, 1917
- Pieris rapae f. secunda Verity, 1917
- Pieris rapae ♂ f. bimaculata Verity, 1917
- Pieris rapae f. zelleri Stauder, 1921
- Pieris rapae f. rossioides Stauder, 1921
- Pieris rapae f. phaiosoma Verity, 1926
- Pieris napi ab. divisa Lempke, 1936
- Pieris rapae f. pseudaestiva Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. lacticolor Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. fuscosignata Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. cordata Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. longomaculata Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. magnomaculata Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. obsoleta Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. disconulla Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. nigrans Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. infrapallida Lempke, 1953
- Pieris rapae f. flavopicta Lempke, 1953
- Artogeia rapae Hodges, 1983
- Pontia rapae Grum-Grshimailo, 1890
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一年多代。成蝶飛行緩慢,好訪花。冬季溫度低的地區以蛹態過冬。幼蟲的寄主主要為十字花科植物,大多都是農作產物,所以菜粉蝶是族群密度非常高的農業害蟲。雌蝶將卵單產在十字花科蔬菜上,因此飯盒裏常能找到煮熟的幼蟲,爲了避免各類昆蟲啃食,農夫大多會施以農藥防治以達立竿見影之效。[6]
拉丁學名的種名「rapae」源自古希臘語「ραπάνι」(rapáni),指蘿蔔(radish),也是菜粉蝶幼蟲的一種常用寄主植物。[7]
在台灣以外漢語使用地區,中文種名「菜」源於此種的幼蟲常以十字花科的蔬菜為食。在台灣使用的中文名字直接以屬名「白粉蝶」命名,皆因此種的族群數量多,分佈廣,足以作為本屬代表。而別名「紋白蝶」乃源自日文名稱「モン(紋)シロチョウ(白蝶)」。[6]
卵型稍胖,剛產的卵顏色較淡,開始發育後顏色轉深。小幼蟲的背中線呈淡黃色,且模糊。終齡幼蟲體側黃色虛線細,體表的藍黑色突起小。蛹的胸背隆起低,腹背兩側突起短而不明顯。[6]
成蟲軀體背面黑褐色,腹面白色。翅背面底色白色,前翅翅頂及翅基有黑褐色紋;M3及CuA2室各有一黑褐色斑點排成縱列。後翅翅基亦有黑褐色紋,前緣中央有一黑褐色斑點。翅腹面為帶黃色的白色,前翅亦有兩枚黑褐色斑點。低溫期個體體型較小,黑褐色紋色澤較淺。雌蝶的前翅翅基黑褐色紋較雄蝶明顯,由灰色鱗粉形成。[3][4][6][8][9]
形態近似的物種有:
- 黑紋粉蝶 Pieris melete
- 奈斯粉蝶 Pieris nesis
- 杜鵑粉蝶 Pieris dulcinea
- 歐洲粉蝶 Pieris brassicae
- 東方菜粉蝶 Pieris canidia
- 飛龍粉蝶 Talbotia naganum
幼蟲爬出卵殼後,會回頭噴食卵殼,作為孵化後的第一餐。幼蟲會取食寄主植物的葉片、花序和果實。幼蟲化蛹前通常會爬離寄主,在其他植物或附近雜物上化蛹。[6]寄主植物包括:[4][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
More information 十字花目, 茄目 ...
十字花目
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十字花科 Brassicaceae
- 庭薺屬 Alyssum
- 南芥屬 Arabis
- 辣根屬 Armoracia
- 山芥屬 Barbarea
- 蕓薹屬 Brassica
- 芥菜 B. juncea
- 蕪菁甘藍 B. napobrassica
- 西洋油菜 B. napus
- 黑芥菜 B. nigra
- 甘藍 B. oleracea
- 芥蘭 B. o. var. alboglabra
- 椰菜 B. o. var. capitata
- 西蘭花 B. o. var. italica
- 蕓薹 B. rapa
- 碎米薺屬 Cardamine
- 香花芥屬 Hesperis
- 獨行菜屬 Lepidium
- 堇娘芥屬 Moricandia
- 諸葛菜屬 Orychophragmus
- 蘿蔔屬 Raphanus
- 蘿蔔 R. raphanistrum subsp. sativus
- 櫻島蘿蔔 R. sativus
var. hortensis f. gigantissimus
- 蔊菜屬 Rorippa
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醉蝶花科 Cleomaceae
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木犀草科 Resedaceae
- 川犀草屬 Oligomeris
- 木犀草屬 Reseda
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旱金蓮科 Tropaeolaceae
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白花菜科 Capparaceae
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茄目
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茄科 Solanaceae
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成蟲一年多代。全年四季可見,冬季溫度低的地區或以蛹態過冬。出沒於海拔0-2500米地區的常綠闊葉林、農田、鄉村及都市荒地、熱帶季風林、熱帶雨林、海岸林、常綠落葉闊葉混生林、常綠硬葉林。主要出沒於平原到丘陵農田和周圍的荒地。牠喜歡陽性環境,在菜田等農田周圍飛行,又愛在菊科等各種花卉間飛舞。開闊的農耕地正爲其所好,因此成爲十字花科蔬菜的主要蟲害。冬季稻作休耕時,農民習慣種植油菜作爲綠肥,正好提供本種幼蟲大量的食物,每當油菜田裏黃花盛開,總是有成群的白色蝴蝶於田間飛舞。雌蝶將卵單產在十字花科蔬菜上。[3][8]
- - 指名亞種[15]
- P. r. deleta Strand, 1901[16]
- P. r. mauretanica Verity, 1908
- - 分佈於北非[17]
- P. r. transcaucasica (Stauder, 1925)
- - 分佈於高加索及亞美尼亞高原[18]
- P. r. meleager Hemming, 1934
- - 分佈於塔雷什山脈及克佩特山脈[19]
- P. r. kenteana Rühl, [1893]
- - 分佈於俄羅斯阿爾泰、薩彥嶺、外貝加爾山脈、遠東及堪察加半島[20]
- P. r. crucivora Boisduval, 1836
- - 分佈於俄羅斯阿穆爾、烏蘇里灣及庫頁島[21]
- P. r. debilis Alphéraky, 1889 = P. r. eumorpha
- - 新疆亞種,分佈於中亞圖蘭低地、天山山脈、吉薩爾山脈、達爾瓦茲、阿賴山脈及帕米爾高原[4][22]
- P. r. leucosoma Schawerda, 1905
- - 分佈於敘利亞、巴勒斯坦地區及約旦[23]
- P. r. atomaria Fruhstorfer, 1909
- - 分佈於達爾馬提亞[24]
- P. r. micipsa Fruhstorfer, 1909
- - 分佈於日本九州[25]
- P. r. lysicles Fruhstorfer, 1909
- - 分佈於日本[25]
- P. r. tochica Peile, 1937[26]
- P. r. originalis Bryk, 1940
- - 東方亞種,分佈於中國浙江等地[4][27]
- P. r. crucivorina Bryk, 1942
- - 台灣亞種,分佈於香港、台灣及俄羅斯千島群島[4][28][29]
- - 雲南亞種,分佈於華南如雲南[4][30]
- P. r. bernardii Le Moult, 1945[31]
任天堂於2020年發行的《集合啦!動物森友會》中也有出現菜粉蝶。會於上午4時至下午7時在空中飛行。北半球於9至6月出現,而南半球於3-12月出現。[32]
van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Wiemers, M., Katbeh-Bader, A., Power, A., Benyamini, D., Tzirkalli, E., Balletto, E., Monteiro, E., Karaçetin, E., Franeta, F., Pe'er, G., Welch, H., Thompson, K., Pamperis, L., Dapporto, L., Šašić, M., López Munguira, M., Micevski, N., Dupont, P., Garcia-Pereira, P., Moulai, R., Caruana, R., Verovnik, R., Bonelli, S. & Beshkov, S. 2014. Pieris rapae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T174353A53720063.
van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J. 2010. Pieris rapae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T174353A7056010.
Chou, 1994. Monografia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium 1: 257 (簡體中文)
Linnaeus, 1758; Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Clases, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Symonymis, Locis. Tomis I. 10th Edition Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 468
日本チョウ類保全協會 [日本蝴蝶保護協會] (2012). フィールドガイド 日本のチョウ 日本産全種がフィールド寫真で検索可能 [野外指南 日本蝴蝶 所有來自日本的物種都可以使用現場照片進行搜索]. 東京: 誠文堂新光社. p92. (日語)
Seppänen, 1970. Suomen suurperhostoukkien ravintokasvit Animalia Fennica 14 (芬蘭文)
K. L. & L. E. Dunn, 1991, Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life history and taxonomy. Pushlished by authors, Melbourne Review Austr. Butts. (1-4): (120-140)
Tennent, 1996. The Butterflies of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia : 1-217
D'Abrera, 1977 Butterflies of the Australian Region (2nd edn) Butts. Aust. Region: 1-416
Stephens, 1827; Illustrations of British Entomology; or, a synopsis of indigenous insects: containing their generic and specific distinctions; with an account of their metamorphoses, times of appearance, localities, food, and economy, as far as practicable Ill. Br. Ent. (Haustellata) 1 (1): 19
Strand, 1901; Beitrag zur Schmetterlingsfauna Norwegens Nyt Mag. Naturv. 39 (1): 44
Verity, 1908; Rhopalocera Palaearctica Iconographie et Description des Papillons diurnes de la région paléarctique. Papilionidae et Pieridae Rhopalocera Palaearctica (13-14): 155, (17-20) pl. 33, f. 43-44
Hemming, 1934; Some notes in the nomenclature of Palaearctic and African Rhopalocera Stylops 3 (5): 98
(Rühl, [1893]); in Heyne, Palaearkt. Grossschmett. 1 : 125
Boisduval, 1836; Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species Général des Lépidoptéres. Tome Premier Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 521
Alphéraky, 1889; Lépidoptères rapportés du Thibet par le Général N. M. Przewalsky de son voyage de 1884-1885 in Romanoff, Mém. lép. 5: 70
Schawerda, 1905; [Bericht der Sektion für Lepidopterologie] Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 55: 516
Fruhstorfer, 1909; Neues über Pieris manni [sic] Ent. Zs. 23 (8): 42
Fruhstorfer, 1909; Neue palaearktische Pieriden Int. ent. Zs. 3 (16): 88
Peile, 1937; Guide to coll. butts. India: 47
Bryk, 1940; Die von Prof. Dr. Lundblad gesammelten Gross-Schmetterlinge der Iberischen Halbinseln Arkiv Zool. 32A (22): 4
Bryk, 1942; Zur Kenntnis der Großschmetterlinge der Kurilen Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 56: 11
(Mell, 1943); Zool. Stuttgart 36 (100): 104
Le Moult, 1945; Misc. Ent. 41: 52
- 17世紀
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- 19世紀
- Grum-Grshimailo, 1890, Le Pamir et sa faune lépidoptérologique in Romanoff, Mém. Lép. 4: 218
- 20世紀
- Dyar, 1903, A List of North American Lepidoptera and Key to the Literature of this Order of Insects Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 6
- Chittenden FH. 1916a. The common cabbage worm. USDA Farmers' Bulletin 766. 16 pp.
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- 21世紀
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