扁蟾屬(學名:Incilius),俗稱中美洲蟾蜍,是蟾蜍科的屬[2],分佈於美國南部、墨西哥、中美洲地區和南美洲北部(哥倫比亞和厄瓜多爾)。扁蟾屬是生態和生物地理多樣化的蟾蜍群,包括一些微小的特有種,如只分佈於雲霧森林的Incilius spiculatus,以及Incilius valliceps等分佈於干擾生境的低地物種[3]。
扁蟾屬 | |
---|---|
常綠蟾蜍是扁蟾屬的模式種 | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
綱: | 兩棲綱 Amphibia |
目: | 無尾目 Anura |
科: | 蟾蜍科 Bufonidae |
屬: | 扁蟾屬 Incilius Cope, 1863 |
模式種 | |
常綠蟾蜍 Cope, 1862
| |
異名[1] | |
Cranopsis Cope, 1875 "1876" (Cranopsis Adams, 1860 (Mollusca)和Cranopsis Dall, 1871(腕足動物)的諧音) |
分類學和系統學
扁蟾屬的分類學和系統學最近發生了很多變化。2011年,Cranopsis、Ollotis、Crepidius和Crepidophryne成為扁蟾屬的異名。但是,扁蟾屬是單系群的觀點受到了Incilius bocourti的威脅,因為Incilius bocourti可能是Anaxyrus的姐妹群[1]。
另一個討論是識別該屬的分類學水平。在2006年達爾·弗羅斯特及其同事大規模修訂兩棲動物系統學之前,扁蟾屬並沒有得到廣泛的認可[4],而是以Cranopsis的名義存在,包括前「垣頭蟾組」及其相關物種。但是,另外一些學者認為扁蟾屬應該被看做蟾蜍屬的亞屬[5]。
物種
扁蟾屬目前共有39個物種[1]:
- 科羅拉多河蟾蜍(Incilius alvarius) (Girard, 1859)
- Incilius aucoinae (O'Neill and Mendelson, 2004)
- Incilius aurarius Mendelson, Mulcahy, Snell, Acevedo, and Campbell, 2012
- Incilius bocourti (Brocchi, 1877)
- Incilius campbelli (Mendelson, 1994)
- Incilius canaliferus (Cope, 1877)
- Incilius cavifrons (Firschein, 1950)
- Incilius chompipe (Vaughan and Mendelson, 2007)
- Incilius coccifer (Cope, 1866)
- 常綠蟾蜍(Incilius coniferus)(Cope, 1862)
- Incilius cristatus (Wiegmann, 1833)
- Incilius cycladen (Lynch and Smith, 1966)
- Incilius epioticus (Cope, 1875)
- Incilius fastidiosus (Cope, 1875)
- Incilius gemmifer (Taylor, 1940)
- Incilius guanacaste (Vaughan and Mendelson, 2007)
- Incilius holdridgei (Taylor, 1952)
- Incilius ibarrai (Stuart, 1954)
- Incilius karenlipsae Mendelson and Mulcahy, 2010
- Incilius leucomyos (McCranie and Wilson, 2000)
- Incilius luetkenii (Boulenger, 1891)
- Incilius macrocristatus (Firschein and Smith, 1957)
- Incilius majordomus Savage, Ugarte, and Donnelly, 2013
- Incilius marmoreus (Wiegmann, 1833)
- Incilius mazatlanensis (Taylor, 1940)
- Incilius mccoyi Santos-Barrera and Flores-Villela, 2011
- Incilius melanochlorus (Cope, 1877)
- Incilius nebulifer (Girard, 1854)
- Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879)
- †金蟾蜍(Incilius periglenes) (Savage, 1967)
- Incilius peripatetes (Savage, 1972)
- Incilius perplexus (Taylor, 1943)
- Incilius pisinnus (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil, and Mulcahy, 2005)
- Incilius porteri (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil, and Mulcahy, 2005)
- Incilius signifer (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil, and Mulcahy, 2005)
- Incilius spiculatus (Mendelson, 1997)
- Incilius tacanensis (Smith, 1952)
- Incilius tutelarius (Mendelson, 1997)
- Incilius valliceps (Wiegmann, 1833)
AmphibiaWeb認可Incilius intermedius (Günther, 1858)是有效物種,而Amphibian Species of the World認為Incilius intermedius是Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879)的異名[6][1]。
參考資料
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