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大小和卓之亂
維基百科,自由的 encyclopedia
大小和卓之亂,是乾隆二十二年(1757年)新疆回部白山派首領波羅尼都[2]、霍集占兄弟發動的反叛,清代文獻稱之為平定回部。兩人出自中亞費爾干納地區伊斯蘭教蘇菲派的分支白山派和卓家族,故人稱波羅尼都為「大和卓」,霍集占為「小和卓」。乾隆二十年(1755年)清廷發兵滅準噶爾後,將被準噶爾囚禁的大小和卓兄弟釋放,派波羅尼都隨軍招撫西域天山南路各地。不久定邊左副將軍阿睦爾撒納反叛,大小和卓乘機控制了今新疆西南部一帶。乾隆二十二年(1757年),霍集占殺死副都統阿敏道,公然舉兵自立。次年(1758年),乾隆皇帝發兵征討大小和卓,清軍在庫車、葉爾羌(今莎車)、和闐等地與大小和卓交戰。乾隆二十四年(1759年),大小和卓西逃,經蔥嶺進入巴達克山(在今阿富汗東北部)境內。霍集占受傷身亡,波羅尼都被巴達克山首領素勒坦沙(Sulṭān Shāh)擒殺,戰事結束。平定大小和卓之亂是乾隆皇帝的十全武功之一,自此天山南路重新納入中國版圖。