Thòaⁿ-sò͘

Thoàⁿ-sò͘ (炭素)^[14] sī hoà-ha̍k hû-hō C, goân-chú-hoan 6, ê 1 chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘. Thoàⁿ-sò͘ sī 1 chióng hui-kim-sio̍k (nonmetal), ū 4 ê goân-chú-kè (valency) ê goân-sò͘, i ū chin chē tông-sò͘-thé (allotropy), pí-lūn kóng soān-chio̍h he̍k-chiá sī chio̍h-ba̍k.

Thoàⁿ-sò͘,  ₆C

Graphite (left) and diamond (right), the two most well-known allotropes of carbon
Spectral lines of carbon
Ki-pún sèng-chit
Miâ, hû-hō	Thoàⁿ-sò͘, C
Eng-bûn	carbon
Tông-sò͘-thé	graphite, diamond
Gōa-hêng	graphite: black diamond: clear
Thoàⁿ-sò͘ tī chiu-kî-piáu lāi ê ūi-tì
– ↑ C ↓ Si phêng-sò͘ ← Thoàⁿ-sò͘ → chek-sò͘
Goân-chú-hoan	6
Goân-chú-liōng	12.011[1] (12.0096–12.0116)[2]
Goân-sò͘ lūi-pia̍t	to-goân-chú hui-kim-sio̍k sometimes considered a metalloid
Cho̍k, hun-khu	14 cho̍k, p khu
Chiu-kî	tē 2 chiu-kî
Tiān-chú pâi-lia̍t	[He] 2s2 2p2
per shell	2, 4
Bu̍t-lí sèng-chit
Siòng	kò͘-thé
Sublimation point	3915 K ​(3642 °C, ​6588 °F)
Bi̍t-tō͘  (sek-un)	amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g·cm−3[3] graphite: 2.267 g·cm−3 diamond: 3.515 g·cm−3
Sam-siòng-tiám	4600 K, ​10,800 kPa[4][5]
Iûⁿ-hoà-jia̍t	graphite: 117 kJ·mol−1
Jia̍t-iông-liōng	graphite: 8.517 J·mol−1·K−1 diamond: 6.155 J·mol−1·K−1
Goân-chú sèng-chit
Sng-hòa-sò͘	+4, +3,[6] +2, +1,[7] 0, −1, −2, −3, −4[8] ​(a mildly acidic oxide)
Tiān-hū-tō͘	Pauling scale: 2.55
Tiān-lī-lêng	1st: 1086.5 kJ·mol−1 2nd: 2352.6 kJ·mol−1 3rd: 4620.5 kJ·mol−1 (more)
Kiōng-kè pòaⁿ-kèng	sp3: 77 pm sp2: 73 pm sp: 69 pm
Van der Waals pòaⁿ-kèng	170 pm
Cha̍p-lio̍k
Chiⁿ-thé kò͘-chō	graphite: ​simple hexagonal (black)
Chiⁿ-thé kò͘-chō	​diamond cubic
Siaⁿ-sok (sòe kùn-á)	diamond: 18,350 m·s−1 (at 20 °C)
Jia̍t-phòng-tiòng	diamond: 0.8 µm·m−1·K−1 (at 25 °C)[9]
Jia̍t-thoân-tō-lu̍t	graphite: 119–165 W·m−1·K−1 diamond: 900–2300 W·m−1·K−1
Tiān-chó͘-lu̍t	graphite: 7.837 µΩ·m[10]
Chû-sèng	diamagnetic[11]
Young hē-sò͘	diamond: 1050 GPa[9]
Shear hē-sò͘	diamond: 478 GPa[9]
Bulk hē-sò͘	diamond: 442 GPa[9]
Poisson pí	diamond: 0.1[9]
Mohs ngē-tō͘	graphite: 1–2 diamond: 10
CAS teng-kì pian-hō	7440-44-0
Le̍k-sú
Hoat-hiān	Egyptians and Sumerians[12] (3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier[13] (1789)
Chòe ún-tēng ê tông-ūi-sò͘
Chú bûn-chiong: Thoàⁿ-sò͘ ê tông-ūi-sò͘
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 11C syn 20 min β+ 0.96 11B 12C 98.9% 12C is stable with 6 neutrons 13C 1.1% 13C is stable with 7 neutrons 14C trace 5730 y β− 0.156 14N

Thoàⁿ-sò͘ mā sī cho͘-sêng iú-ki-bu̍t ê chú-iàu sêng-hun, sī kò͘-chō chhut tē-kiû téng seng-bu̍t ê ki-pún goân-sò͘.

Hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t

Iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t

Thòaⁿ-sò͘ thang keng-kòe sio-chiap ê thòaⁿ-sò͘–thòaⁿ-sò͘ kiat-ha̍p, chiâⁿ chò te̍k-pia̍t tn̂g liān, chit-ê sèng-chit mā hō chò chiâⁿ-liān (catenation).

Iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t lāi-bīn siāng tan-sûn ê sī thòaⁿ-hòa chúi-sò͘ (hydrocarbon). Che sī chi̍t lūi iú-ki hun-chú, hâm chúi-sò͘ kap chi̍t liân-á ê thòaⁿ-sò͘ goân-chú. Liân-á ê tn̂g-tō͘ kap chok-iōng-ki (functional group) thang éng-hióng hun-chú ê sèng-chit.

Chham-khó

1. Conventional Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
2. Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
3. Lide, D. R., pian. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th pán.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
4. Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
5. Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
6. "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). 2007-12-06 khòaⁿ--ê.
7. "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). 2007-12-06 khòaⁿ--ê.
8. "Carbon: Binary compounds". 2007-12-06 khòaⁿ--ê.
9. Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
10. https://www.nde-ed.org/GeneralResources/MaterialProperties/ET/ET_matlprop_Misc_Matls.htm
11. Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
12. "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. 2008-09-12 khòaⁿ--ê.
13. Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. 2007-11-24 khòaⁿ--ê.
14. Ogawa Naoyosi, pian. (1931–1932). "炭素". 臺日大辭典 Tai-Nichi Dai Jiten [Tâi-Ji̍t Tōa Sû-tián]. OCLC 25747241.