A-lú-mih

A-lú-mih^[7] (hoà-ha̍k hû-hō: Al, Bí-kok Eng-gí: Aluminum), mā hō lú (鋁, lū, lī), koh ū hō hoân-sò͘ (礬素) he̍k-chiá sī khin-gîn (輕銀), sī 1 chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘.

A-lú-mih,  ₁₃Al

A-lú-mih ê kng-phó͘ sòaⁿ (spectral lines)
Ki-pún sèng-chit
Miâ, hû-hō	a-lú-mih, Al
Phian-miâ	aluminum (US)
Gōa-hêng	kim-sio̍k-khoán phú-gîn-sek
A-lú-mih tī chiu-kî-piáu lāi ê ūi-tì
B ↑ Al ↓ Ga magnesium ← a-lú-mih → ke-sò͘
Goân-chú-hoan	13
Goân-chú-liōng (±)	26.9815385(7)[1]
Goân-sò͘ lūi-pia̍t	āu-kòe-tō͘ kim-sio̍k ū-sî hong hun chò lūi-kim-sio̍k
Cho̍k, hun-khu	13 cho̍k, p khu
Chiu-kî	tē 3 chiu-kî
Tiān-chú pâi-lia̍t	[Ne] 3s2 3p1
per shell	2, 8, 3
Bu̍t-lí sèng-chit
Siòng	kò͘-thé
Iûⁿ-tiám	933.47 K ​(660.32 °C, ​1220.58 °F)
Hut-tiám	2743 K ​(2470 °C, ​4478 °F)
Bi̍t-tō͘  (sek-un)	2.70 g·cm−3
2.375 g·cm−3
Iûⁿ-hoà-jia̍t	10.71 kJ·mol−1
Cheng-hoat-jia̍t	284 kJ·mol−1
Jia̍t-iông-liōng	24.20 J·mol−1·K−1
cheng-khì-ap P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k tī T (K) 1482 1632 1817 2054 2364 2790
Goân-chú sèng-chit
Sng-hòa-sò͘	+3, +2,[2] +1[3], −1, −2 ​(an amphoteric oxide)
Tiān-hū-tō͘	Pauling scale: 1.61
Tiān-lī-lêng	1st: 577.5 kJ·mol−1 2nd: 1816.7 kJ·mol−1 3rd: 2744.8 kJ·mol−1 (more)
Goân-chú pòaⁿ-kèng	empirical: 143 pm
Kiōng-kè pòaⁿ-kèng	121±4 pm
Van der Waals pòaⁿ-kèng	184 pm
Cha̍p-lio̍k
Chiⁿ-thé kò͘-chō	​face-centered cubic (fcc)
Siaⁿ-sok (sòe kùn-á)	(rolled) 5000 m·s−1 (at r.t.)
Jia̍t-phòng-tiòng	23.1 µm·m−1·K−1 (at 25 °C)
Jia̍t-thoân-tō-lu̍t	237 W·m−1·K−1
Tiān-chó͘-lu̍t	28.2 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Chû-sèng	paramagnetic[4]
Young hē-sò͘	70 GPa
Shear hē-sò͘	26 GPa
Bulk hē-sò͘	76 GPa
Poisson pí	0.35
Mohs ngē-tō͘	2.75
Vickers ngē-tō͘	160–350 MPa
Brinell ngē-tō͘	160–550 MPa
CAS teng-kì pian-hō	7429-90-5
Le̍k-sú
Chhui-chhek	Antoine Lavoisier[5] (1787)
Siōng chá hû-lî	Hans Christian Ørsted[6] (1825)
hō-miâ	Humphry Davy[5] (1807)
Chòe ún-tēng ê tông-ūi-sò͘
Chú bûn-chiong: a-lú-mih ê tông-ūi-sò͘
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 26Al trace 7.17×105 y β+ 1.17 26Mg ε – 26Mg γ 1.8086 – 27Al 100% 27Al is stable with 14 neutrons

A-lú-mih chiàm tē-kiû tē-khak 8.3%, hong-hù ê thêng-tō͘ pâi tē-3, tī si-lí-khóng āu-piah.^[8]

Le̍k-sú

A-lú-mih sī Friedrich Wohler tī 1827 nǐ hun-lî chhut--lâi. Chóng-sī bô sûn ê hêng-sek tī chìn-chêng tio̍h ū Hans Christian Oersted chò--chhut-lâi. Tī che í-chêng, lâng mā chai-iáⁿ i chûn-chāi tī hoân (礬) lāi-bīn.^[8]

Hòa-ha̍k

A-lú-mih châi-liāu khòng hú-si̍t (seⁿ-sian) ê lêng-le̍k bē-bái, in-ūi tan-sûn ê kim-sio̍k tú tio̍h khong-khì ê sî, tī piáu-bīn thang seⁿ chhut chi̍t têng sng-hòa a-lú-mih, ē-tàng bián tit chìn chi̍t-pō͘ ê sng-hòa,^[9] che kòe-têng hō chò pī-tōng-hòa (passivation). Siōng ngē ê a-lú-mih ha̍p-kim khòng seⁿ-sian ê lêng-le̍k khah kē, in-ūi kap tâng ê ha̍p-kim ū galvanic hoán-èng thang hoat-seng.^[10] Iông-chúi ê iâm-lūi ē-tàng kiám-chió chia ê khòng hú-si̍t lêng-le̍k, te̍k-pia̍t sī kap kî-tha kim-sio̍k chò-hóe chhut-hiān ê sî.

Tī kiông sng-tō͘ ê iông-e̍k lāi, a-lú-mih ē kap chúi hoán-èng seⁿ chhut chúi-sò͘, nā tī kiông alkaline tang-tiong, ē seⁿ chhut a-lú-mih-sng-iâm (aluminates), tī pún chōng-hóng ē-té pó-hō͘-sèng ê pī-tōng-sèng bô sáⁿ chok-iōng. Che chú-iàu sī hō͘ iông-kái ê iâm-hòa-bu̍t (chlorides), pí-lūn iâm-hòa sodium, hú-si̍t--khì, mā in-ūi an-ne, chhù-lāi ê phòe-kóng sī bô leh ēng a-lú-mih chè-chō.^[11]

Chóng-sī, in-ūi it-poaⁿ khòng hú-si̍t ê lêng-le̍k, a-lú-mih sī chió-sò͘ ē-tàng tī hún-chit ê chêng-hêng koh pó-chhî gîn-á-khoán hoán-kng ê kim-sio̍k, che hō͘ i thang chò gîn-sek chhat-liāu ê sêng-hun. A-lú-mih chò piáu-bīn ê kiàⁿ, nā tī 200–400 nm (UV) kap 3,000–10,000 nm (hn̄g IR) hoān-ûi, ū kim-sio̍k tang-tiong siāng koân ê hoán-kng-sèng (reflectance); nā tī 400–700 nm khó-kiàn-kng hoān-ûi lāi sī sió-khóa pí siah kap gîn khah kē, koh nā 700–3000 nm (kīn IR), sī su hō͘ gîn, kim, kap tâng.^[12]

A-lú-mih tī 280 °C í-hā un-tō͘ ê chúi ni̍h ē hō͘ sng-hòa, sán-seng chúi-sò͘, chúi-hòa a-lú-mih, kap jia̍t:

2 Al + 6 H₂O → 2 Al(OH)₃ + 3 H₂

Pún choán-ōaⁿ tùi chè-chō chúi-sò͘ ū lī-ek. Chóng-sī, siū tio̍h pī-tōng-sèng sng-hòa chiâⁿ-chân éng-hióng ē chó͘-gāi hoán-ēng, koh kiam ūi tio̍h têng seⁿ kim-sio̍k a-lú-mih ê lêng-goân, che kòe-têng ê siōng-gia̍p lī-ēng ū khùn-lân.^[13]

Seng-sán kap liān-chè

Sè-kài thâu-miâ ê chho͘-ki̍p a-lú-mih seng-sán-chiá, 2016 nî^[14]

Kok-ka	Sán-chhut (chheng tòng)
Tiong-kok	31,873
Lō͘-se-a	3,561
Ka-ná-tah	3,208
Ìn-tō͘	2,896
A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok	2,471
Ò-chiu	1,635
Nô͘-ui	1,247
Bahrain	971
Saudi Arabia	869
Bí-kok	818
Pa-se	793
Lâm-hui-kok	701
Peng-tó	700
Chóng-kè	58,800

Seng-sán a-lú-mih sī chin hùi lêng-goân--ê, chiū an-ne seng-sán-chiá tiāⁿ kā chè-liān-só͘ siat tī tiān-le̍k chhiong-chio̍k kiam sio̍k-kè ê só͘-chāi.^[15] Chiàu 2012 nî ê sò͘-jī, thong-sè-kài siāng tōa ê a-lú-mih chè-liān-só͘ tī siat tī Tiong-kok, Lō͘-se-a, Bahrain, A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok (UAE), kap Lâm-hui-kok.^[16] Tī 2016 nî, chiàu kok-ka lâi sǹg Tiong-kok sī sán-liōng siāng tōa--ê, chiàm 55 pha-sén ê gia̍h; sòa--lo̍h-lâi sī Lō͘-se-a, Ka-ná-tah, Ìn-tō͘, kap UAE.^[14]

Bayer-sek chè-têng

Hoân-thô͘ (bauxite) thang keng-kòe Bayer-sek chè-têng choán chhut sng-hòa a-lú-mih. Hoân-thô͘ kòe kiáu hō͘ cho͘-sêng it-chè kiam kòe-bôa. Kiáu--chhut-lâi ê nî-chiuⁿ (slurry) kap chúi-hòa sodium (sodium hydroxide) iông-e̍k saⁿ-lām; lām-hó-sè liáu-āu koh keng-kòe khah koân khì-ap ê chhù-lí, kā chúi-hòa sodium kái-sek chhut--lâi, jî-chhiá kā goân-pún bô sûn ê mi̍h choán chò siong-tùi put-iông-kái-sèng ê hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t:^[17]

Al(OH)₃ + Na⁺ + OH⁻ → Na⁺ + [Al(OH)₄]⁻

Keng-kòe chit hāng hoán-èng, nî-chiuⁿ tng tī pí tāi-khì hut-tiám (boiling point) koân ê un-tō͘. Kā ap-le̍k kàng-kē, pâi chhut cheng-khì thang kā ūn-tō͘ kàng-kē. Liáu-āu hoân-thô͘ ê tái ài ka pun lî-khui. Bô kò͘-thé ê iông-e̍k, koh ka-ji̍p sè lia̍p chúi-hòa a-lú-mih ê kiat-chiⁿ chò chéng-chí; che thang chō-sêng [Al(OH)₄]⁻ lî-chú thoat chò chúi-hòa a-lú-mih. Chit-pòaⁿ ê a-lú-mih chhut--lâi liáu-āu, saⁿ-lām ê chè-phín sàng kòe pun-lūi. Chúi-hòa a-lú-mih ê sè lia̍p kiat-chiⁿ hông kéng--chhut-lâi chò chéng-chí; chho͘-lia̍p-á hông piàn chò sng-hòa a-lú-mih; kî-tha ê iông-e̍k koh keng-kòe cheng-liū sóa cháu, sûn-hòa (nā su-iàu), kap hôe-siu.^[17]

Lī-ēng

A-lú-mih chò chhia-sin ê Austin A40 Sports (iok. 1951 nî)

Kim-sio̍k

A-lú-mih sī hui-thih kim-sio̍k (non-ferrous metal) tang-tiong siāng phó͘-phiàn hông lī-ēng--ê.^[18] Thong-sè-kài ê a-lú-mih seng-sán tī 2016 nî ū 58.5 pah-bān tòng. Che sī tû liáu thih (1,231 pah-bān tòng) í-gōa siāng koân--ê.^[14]

A-lú-mih chha-put-to lóng sī chò ha̍p-kim ê hong-sek leh ēng, che thang kái-chìn i-ê ki-hâi sèng-chit, te̍k-pia̍t sī kòe-jia̍t (tempering) chhù-lí ê sî-chūn. Pí-lūn a-lú-mih po̍h (aluminium foil) kap ím-liāu ê koàn-thâu kan-á, it-poaⁿ sī 92% kàu 99% a-lú-mih ê ha̍p-kim.^[19] Ēng lâi lām a-lú-mih ha̍p-kim ê châi-liāu, chú-iàu ū tâng, a-iân (zinc), magnesium, manganese kap ke-sò͘ (chi̍t chióng sán-phín kiò duralumin), chham chiàm tam̄-po̍h pha-sén tāng-liōng ê kî-tha kim-sio̍k.^[20]

A-lú-mih kim-sio̍k chòe chú-iàu ê lī-ēng ū:^[21]

A-lú-mih koàn-thâu

• Ūn-su (chū-tōng-chhia, hui-hêng-ki, tho͘-lá-kuh, hóe-chhia chhia-siuⁿ, kiâⁿ-hái ūn-su-khì, to̍k-lián-chia, thài-khong-chûn, tt.). A-lú-mih tī chia ê lī-ek sī kē bi̍t-tō͘ ê sèng-chit;
• Pau-chong (koàn-thâu, a-lú-mih po̍h, kheng-á tt.). A-lú-mih tī chiá ê lī-ek sī bû-to̍k, bû khip-le̍k (non-adsorptive), kiam hông chha̍k ji̍p ê lêng-le̍k;
• Kiàn-siat (thang-á, mn̂g, chhù-kheng (siding), chhù-kin (building wire), chhù-piah (sheathing), chhù-téng, tt.). In-ūi kǹg-thih kè-siàu khah sio̍k, a-lú-mih sī ēng tī khah iau-kiû khin, hông seⁿ-sian, ia̍h kî-tha kang-têng te̍k-sèng ê sî;
• Tiān-khì koan-liân lī-ēng (tó-thé ha̍p-kim, moh-tah kap hoat-tiān-ki, piàn-ap-khì, tiān-iông-khì, tt.). A-lú-mih tī chia ê lī-ek sī siong-tùi khah sio̍k, koân tó-tiān-sèng, thang chiap-siū ê ki-hâi kiông-tō͘ kiam kē bi̍t-tō͘, kap khòng seⁿ-sian;
• Chē khoán chhù-lāi ke-si, tùi chú-chia̍h ke-si kàu ka-khū. Kē bi̍t-tō͘, gōa-piáu hó-sè, kan-tan chè-chō hêng-thé, kap tòng-kú ê sèng-chit sī a-lú-mih tī chia ê lī-ek;
• Ki-hâi kap chong-pī (chhù-lí chong-pī, kóng-lō͘, ke-si). A-lú-mih tī chia ê lī-ek sī hông seⁿ-sian, bē hoat-hóe (non-pyrophoricity), kiam ki-hâi kiông-tō͘.
• A-lú-mih gîn-kak-á mā ū ēng chō sè-hāng gîn-gia̍h ê thong-hòe, in-ūi chè-chō sêng-pún kē, kiām kim-sio̍k pún-sin kè-ta̍t (bullion value) kē ê sèng-chit.

Hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t

Chin tōa pō͘-hūn (tāi-iok 90%) ê sng-hòa a-lú-mih (aluminium oxide) sī hông choán chò kim-sio̍k a-lú-mih.^[17] In-ūi sǹg chiâⁿ ngē ê châi-liāu (Mohs ngē-tō͘ 9),^[22] sng-hòa a-lú-mih tiāⁿ ēng chò géng-châi (abrasive);^[23] mā in-ūi hòa-ha̍k-siōng hui-siông ê bô-hoán-èng sèng-chit, chit-ê mih sek-ha̍p ēng tī koân hoán-èng-sèng ê khoan-kéng, chhin-chhiūⁿ ko-ap sodium teng-hóe tang-tiong.^[24]

Chham-chiàu

1. Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
2. Aluminium monoxide
3. Aluminium iodide
4. Lide, D. R. (2000). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st pán.). CRC Press. ISBN 0849304814.
5. "Aluminum". Los Alamos National Laboratory. 3 March 2013 khòaⁿ--ê.
6. "13 Aluminium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 2008-09-12 khòaⁿ--ê.
7. Tâi-oân koàn-sì tha̍k a-lú-mih
8. Harold M. Cobb, pian. (2012). "aluminum". Dictionary of Metals. ASM International. ISBN 978-1-61503-978-4.
9. Vargel, Christian (2004) [French edition published 1999]. Corrosion of Aluminium. Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044495-4. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 21 May 2016.
10. Polmear, I. J. (1995). Light Alloys: Metallurgy of the Light Metals (3 pán.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-340-63207-9.
11. Beal, Roy E. (1 January 1999). Engine Coolant Testing : Fourth Volume. ASTM International. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8031-2610-7. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 24 April 2016.
12. Macleod, H. A. (2001). Thin-film optical filters. CRC Press. pp. 158–159. ISBN 0-7503-0688-2.
13. "Reaction of Aluminum with Water to Produce Hydrogen" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. 1 January 2008. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 14 September 2012 hőng khó͘-pih.
14. Brown, T. J.; Idoine, N. E.; Raycraft, E. R.; et al. (2018). World Mineral Production: 2012–2016. British Geological Survey. ISBN 978-0-85272-882-6.
15. Brown, T. J. (2009). World Mineral Production 2003–2007. British Geological Survey.
16. "Top 10 Largest Aluminium Smelters In The World - Gulf Business". Gulf Business (ēng Eng-gí). 2013. 2018-06-25 khòaⁿ--ê.
17. Hudson, L. Keith; Misra, Chanakya; Perrotta, Anthony J.; et al. (2005). "Aluminum Oxide". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH.
18. "Aluminum". Encyclopædia Britannica. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 12 March 2012. 6 March 2012 khòaⁿ--ê.
19. Millberg, L. S. "Aluminum Foil". How Products are Made. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 13 July 2007. 11 August 2007 khòaⁿ--ê.
20. Lyle, J. P.; Granger, D. A.; Sanders, R. E. (2005). "Aluminum Alloys". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_481.
21. Davis, Joseph R. (1993). Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys (ēng Eng-gí). ASM International. pp. 13–17. ISBN 9780871704962.
22. Lumley, Roger (2010). Fundamentals of Aluminium Metallurgy: Production, Processing and Applications. Elsevier Science. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-85709-025-6.
23. Mortensen, Andreas (2006). Concise Encyclopedia of Composite Materials. Elsevier. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-08-052462-7.
24. The Ceramic Society of Japan (19 October 2012). Advanced Ceramic Technologies & Products. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 541. ISBN 978-4-431-54108-0.

Koan-liân

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