Ìn-nî

Ìn-nî (印尼), choân-chheng Ìn-tō͘-nî-se-a Kiōng-hô-kok (印度尼西亞共和國; Ìn-nî-gí: Republik Indonesia), sī tī Tang-lâm-a poàn-tó kap Ò-chiu ê tiong-kan só͘-chai, mā tī Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ kap Thài-pêng-iûⁿ tiong-kan ê kok-ka, sī sè-kài siōng toā ê kûn-tó. Tī Borneo-tó siōng, Ìn-nî kap Má-lâi-se-a ê piⁿ-kài sio-tú; New Guinea-tó ê sai-pêng iû Ìn-nî thóng-tī, tang-pêng sio̍k-î Papua New Guinea kok; Ìn-nî mā thóng-tī Timor-tó ê sai-pêng, tang-pêng sī Tang Timor kok.

Indonesia Kiōng-hô-kok Republik Indonesia
kok-kî kok-hui
Chu-kù: Bhinneka Tunggal Ika "to-iūⁿ-sèng tiong ê thoân-kiat"
Kok-koa:  Indonesia Raya "Úi-tāi ê Ìn-nî"
Siú-to͘ kap siāng-tōa siâⁿ-chhī	Jakarta
Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân	Ìn-nî-gí
Sêng-jīn ê kok-ka gí-giân	Ìn-nî-gí
Sêng-jīn ê tē-hng gí-giân	chhiau-kòe 700 chióng gí-giân[1]
Cho̍k-kûn	chhiau-kòe 1,300 ê cho̍k-kûn[2]
Chong-kàu (2022 nî)[3]	87% Islam 10.5% Ki-tok-kàu 1.7% Ìn-tō͘-kàu 0.7% Hu̍t-kàu 0.1% Bîn-kan, Jû-kàu, kap kî-thaⁿ
Chèng-hú	tan-it-chè, chóng-thóng-chè, kiōng-hô-kok
• chóng-thóng	Prabowo Subianto
• hù-chóng-thóng	Gibran Rakabuming Raka
• Kok-bîn Gī-hoē gī-tiúⁿ	Puan Maharani
• Choè-ko hoat-koaⁿ	Sunarto
Li̍p-hoat ki-kò͘	Kok-bîn Hia̍p-gī-hoē
• Siōng-īⁿ	Tē-hng Tāi-piáu Gī-hoē
• Hā-īⁿ	Kok-bîn Gī-hoē
Bīn-chek
• Lóng-chóng	1,904,569 km2 (735,358 sq mi)[4] (tē 14 miâ)
• Chúi-he̍k (%)	4.85
Jîn-kháu
• Q2 2023 nî kó͘-kè	279,118,866[5] (tē 4 miâ)
• 2020 nî phó͘-cha	270,203,917[6]
• Bi̍t-tō͘	143/km2 (370.4/sq mi) (tē 90 miâ)
GDP (PPP)	2024 nî kó͘-kè
• Lóng-chóng	$4.721 bān-ek[7] (tē 7 miâ)
• Pêng-kin	$16,811[7] (tē 96 miâ)
GDP (bêng-gī)	2024 nî kó͘-kè
• Lóng-chóng	$1.476 bān-ek[7] (tē 16 miâ)
• Pêng-kin	$5,271[7] (tē 114 miâ)
Gini (2019 nî)	38.2 tiong
HDI (2021 nî)	0.713[8] ko · tē 112 miâ
Hoè-pè	Ìn-nî rupiah (Rp) (IDR)
Sî-khu	UTC+7 ~ +9 (kúi-nā ê)
Sî-kan keh-sek	DD/MM/YYYY
Siong-iōng tiān-goân	220 V–50 Hz
Khui-chhia hong-hiòng	chó
tiān-oē khu-hō	+62
ISO 3166 tāi-hō	ID
Siōng-téng domain	.id

Le̍k-sú

Siông-sè chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ: Ìn-nî ê le̍k-sú

Chá-kî ê le̍k-sú

Java Tó ū hoat-hiān Homo erectus ê hòa-chio̍h, kiò-chò “Java Lâng”; chiàu án-ne lâi thui-chhek, Ìn-nî kûn-tó tī 0.5 pah-bān nî (Ma) chì 200 Ma chêng tiō í-keng ū lâng leh tòa.^[9][10] Homo sapiens [en] tī tāi-iok tī 43,000 BCE lâi-kàu Ìn-nî.^[11] Lâm-tó bîn-cho̍k sī hiān-tāi Ìn-nî-lâng ê chú-thé, in chha-put-to tī 2,000 BCE tùi Tâi-oân poaⁿ-sóa lâi-kàu Ìn-nî, pēng-chhiáⁿ ǹg tang sàn-pò͘, chū-án-ne kā chāi-lâi ê Melanesia lâng [en] hān-chè tī siōng tang-pêng ê só͘-chai.^[12]

Ìn-nî ū lí-sióng ê lông-gia̍p tiâu-kiāⁿ, chia ê lâng siōng chá tī se-gôan-chêng 8 sè-kí tiō chióng-ak chò-chhân ê ki-su̍t^[13]; kàu se-gôan-chêng 1 sè-kí, mā hoat-tián chhut chng-thâu, ke-chhī, sió-hêng ê ông-kok. Ìn-nî ê tē-lí ūi-tì chin hó, sek-ha̍p hái-lō͘ ún-su kap bō͘-e̍k, tek-pia̍t sī tam-tong Ìn-tō͘ kap Tiong-kok ê bō͘-e̍k tiong-kan-chām.

Se-goân 7 sè-kí khai-sí, Srivijaya Ông-kok in-ūi bō͘-e̍k kap chong-kàu (Hu̍t-kàu, Ìn-tō͘-kàu) ê koan-hē, hoat-tián kah chin heng. Se-goân 8 sè-kí kàu 10 sè-kí, tī Java ê lāi-lio̍k tē-khu, lông-gia̍p li̍p-kok ê Sailendra Ông-kok kap Mataram Ông-kok heng-ong--khí-lâi, khí-chō chong-kàu kiàn-tiok, phì-lūn-kóng Sailendra ê Borobudur [en] hām Mataram ê Prambanan [en]. 13 sè-kí, Java tang-pō͘ kiàn-li̍p Ìn-tō͘-kàu ê Majapahit Tè-kok. Tī kok-ông Gajah Mada ê thóng-tì chi-hā, chit-ê kok-ka ê éng-hióng-la̍t kha̍p tio̍h hiān-sî Ìn-nî ê tōa-pō͘-hūn kok-thó͘. Chit tōaⁿ sî-kan it-poaⁿ hŏng kóng sī Ìn-nî le̍k-sú siōng ê “n̂g-kim sî-tāi.”^[14]

Se-goân 13 sè-kí khai-sí, Sumatra pak-pō͘ chiām-chiām-á I-su-lân-hòa [en]. Kàu 16 sè-kí ê sî, I-su-lân-kàu í-keng piàn-chó Java kap Sumatra ê chú-liû chong-kàu. I-su-lân-kàu lâi-kàu Ìn-nî liáu-āu, iông-ha̍p chāi-lâi ê bûn-hòa, sìn-gióng, chiâⁿ-chò Ìn-nî ê I-su-lân-kàu [en].

Si̍t-bîn sî-tāi

1512 nî, thâu-chi̍t-pái ū Au-chiu-lâng lâi-kàu chit-ê kûn-tó. Francisco Serrão só͘ chhōa-thâu ê Phû-tô-gâ siong-jîn siūⁿ-beh ko͘-chiàm Maluku Kûn-tó ê tāu-khò͘ [en], teng-hiuⁿ [en], bóe-hô͘-chio [en].^[15] Hô-lan-lâng kap Eng-kok-lâng tòe in ê kin-thâu, iû-kî sī Hô-lân-lâng tī 1602 nî sêng-li̍p Hô-lân Tang Ìn-tō͘ Kong-si, chiâⁿ-chò āu-lâi ê 200 tang thóng-tì Ìn-nî ê chú-iàu sè-le̍k, in khòng-chè ê léng-tē hō-chò Hô-lân léng Tang Ìn-tō͘ (荷蘭領東印度). Hô-lân Tang Ìn-tō͘ Kong-si tī 1799 nî phòa-sán, liam-mi kái-sàn, si̍t-bîn-tē ōaⁿ-chò hō͘ Hô-lan chèng-hú ti̍t-chiap thóng-tì.

Si̍t-bîn sî-kî ê tōa-pō͘-hūn kî-kan, Hô-lan tùi Tang Ìn-tō͘ ê khòng-chè bô sáⁿ chāi. Hô-lan kun-tūi tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kap pún-thó͘ ê sè-le̍k iah-sī chèng-khoân sio-chiàn, mā put-sî teh tìn-ap Java tó lāi-gōa ê khí-gī. Phì-lūn-kóng 19 sè-kí Java tiong-pō͘ ê Diponegoro [en], Sumatra tiong-pō͘ ê Tuanku Imam Bonjol [en], Maluku ê Pattimura [en] téng-téng, chia-ê lâng lóng bat khí-sū tùi-khòng Hô-lân-lâng.^[16][17][18] 19 sè-kí āu-kì, hoat-seng Aceh Chiàn-cheng [en], Aceh Sultan-kok bia̍t-bông. It-ti̍t-kàu 20 sè-kí chho͘-kî, Hô-lan-lâng ê thóng-tì chiah khok-tiong kàu Ìn-nî chit-má ê kéng-kài.^{[18][19][20][21]}

Tē-lí

Ìn-nî koán-hat iok-lio̍k 17,000 ê tó (kî-tiong 6-chheng ê ū toà lâng), lóng tī chhiah-tō hù-kīn, khì-hāu sī jia̍t-tāi-sèng--ê. Siōng toā ê tó-sū ū Java (1-poàⁿ ê jîn-kháu tiàm hia khiā-khí), Sumatra, Borneo, Papua, kap Sulawesi téng-téng.

Ìn-nî ê ūi-tī oá-kīn tāi-lio̍k tē-pang ê kîⁿ, só͘-í tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ siū tē-tāng, tsunami éng-hióng. Hoé-soaⁿ mā chē, siōng chhut-miâ--ê sī í-keng bô--khì ê Krakatau (Krakatoa) hoé-soaⁿ.

Siā-hoē

Ìn-nî ê jîn-kháu ē-sái tāi-iok-á pun 2 tīn lâng. Sai-pêng ê lâng-chéng chú-iàu sī Má-lâi-lâng, ah tang-pêng chú-iàu sī Papua-lâng. Cho̍k-kûn kiat-kò· pí-kàu khah ho̍k-cha̍p, pau-koat ū Borneo, Irian Jaya hit tah ê thoân-thóng pō·-lo̍k. Hoâ-jîn sī 1 ê toā chió-sò· bîn-cho̍k, ū 2~3 pah-bān chē. In tī keng-chè léng-he̍k te̍k-pia̍t oa̍h-thiàu.

Islam-kàu sī Ìn-nî chú-iàu ê chong-kàu, sìn-tô· tāi-iok ū 82% chē. Chhun ê sī Ki-tok-kàu (9%), Hu̍t-kàu (2%), Ìn-tō·-kàu. Choè-kīn kúi nî ū bē-chió chong-kàu chhiong-tu̍t hoat-seng.

Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân Ìn-nî-gí (Má-lâi-oē ê 1 chióng) chiâⁿ phó·-phiàn. Chóng--sī tē-hng gí-giân chiah sī pêng-siông-sî ê chú-iàu oē-gí.

Keng-chè

Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.

Chèng-tī

Ìn-nî siōng koân ê li̍p-hoat ki-kò· hō-chò Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR), iā-chiū-sī Jîn-bîn Hia̍p-gī Hōe. Che sī 1 ê tan-īⁿ-chè ê gī-hoē, ē-kha siat Jîn-bîn Tāi-piáu Hoē (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat , DPR) kap Tē-hng Tāi-piáu Hoē (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD). 2004 nî ê soán-kí kiat-sok liáu-āu, àn-sǹg Jîn-bîn Hia̍p-gī Hōe ē chiâⁿ-chò siang-īⁿ-chè ê kok-hoē.

Chóng-thóng hoāⁿ hêng-chèng koân. Hiān-jīm ê chóng-thóng sī Megawati Sukarnoputri, i sī Sukarno ê cha-bó·-kiáⁿ.

Jîn-bîn Hia̍p-gī Hōe pún-té múi 5 tang soán chhut 1-ūi sin chóng-thóng kap hù-chóng-thóng. 2004 nî khai-sí thàu-koé kong-bîn tāi-soán lâi koat-tēng. Tē-1-pái ê tāi-soán tī 2004 nî 7-goe̍h kí-pān, soán chhut 2-cho· hiō-soán-jîn, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) kap Megawati Sukarnoputri. Tē-2 kai-toāⁿ ê tâu-phiò tī 9-goe̍h 20 oân-sêng, chèng-sek kiat-kó hián-sī Susilo the̍h-tio̍h 60.9% ê phiò, àn-sǹg ē sūn-lī tī 10 goe̍h 20 chiū-jīm.

Chham-khó chu-liāu

Ín-iōng

1. Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty-first edition" (ēng Eng-gí). SIL International. goân-loē-iông tī 2023-03-09 hőng khó͘-pih. 2024-05-11 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. Na'im, Akhsan; Syaputra, Hendry (2010). "Nationality, Ethnicity, Religion, and Languages of Indonesians" (PDF) (ēng Ìn-nî-gí). BPS-Statistics Indonesia. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 2024-04-07 hőng khó͘-pih. 2015-09-23 khòaⁿ--ê. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
3. "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (ēng Ìn-nî-gí). Kementerian Agama. 2022-08-31. 2024-05-11 khòaⁿ--ê.
4. "UN Statistics" (PDF). United Nations. 2005. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 2007-10-31 hőng khó͘-pih. 2024-05-11 khòaⁿ--ê. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
5. "Data Kependudukan" (ēng Ìn-nî-gí). Kementerian Dalam Negeri (Ìn-nî Lāi-chèng-pō͘). goân-loē-iông tī 2023-10-28 hőng khó͘-pih. 2024-05-11 khòaⁿ--ê.
6. "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (ēng Ìn-nî-gí). Statistics Indonesia. 2021-01-21. p. 9. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 2021-01-22 hőng khó͘-pih. 2021-01-21 khòaⁿ--ê. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
7. "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Indonesia)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 2024-04-16. 2024-04-16 khòaⁿ--ê.
8. "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF) (ēng Eng-gí). United Nations Development Programme. 2024-03-13. p. 289. 2024-05-11 khòaⁿ--ê.
9. Pope, G.G. (1983). "Evidence on the age of the Asian Hominidae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 (16): 4988–4992. Bibcode:1983PNAS...80.4988P. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.16.4988. PMC 384173 . PMID 6410399. Unknown parameter |doi-access= ignored (help)
10. de Vos, J.P.; Sondaar, P.Y. (1994). "Dating hominid sites in Indonesia". Science. 266 (16): 4988–4992. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1726D. doi:10.1126/science.7992059. Unknown parameter |doi-access= ignored (help)
11. Gugliotta, Guy (July 2008). "The Great Human Migration". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Maganize. 2011-08-21 khòaⁿ--ê.
12. Taylor 2003, pp. 5–7.
13. Taylor 2003, pp. 8–9.
14. Lewis, Peter (1982). "The next great empire". Futures. 14 (1): 47–61. doi:10.1016/0016-3287(82)90071-4.
15. Ricklefs 1991, pp. 22–24.
16. Schwarz 1994, pp. 3–4.
17. Ricklefs 1991, p. 142.
18. Friend 2003, p. 21.
19. Ricklefs 1991, pp. 61–147.
20. Taylor 2003, pp. 209–278.
21. Vickers 2005, pp. 10–14.

Chheh-toaⁿ

• Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01137-6. Unknown parameter |url-access= ignored (help)
• Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1991). A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1300 (2nd pán.). Basingstoke; Stanford, CA: Palgrave; Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-333-57690-X.
• Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. ISBN 1-86373-635-2.
• Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09709-2.
• Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6. Unknown parameter |url-access= ignored (help)