Wagner chi̍p-thoân

Wagner tsi̍p-thuân (gôlôsu-gú: Группа Вагнера, lô-má-huà [en]: Gruppa Vagnera; ing-gú: Wagner Group; Wagner iông-ping tsi̍p-thuân), mā hông kiò-tsò PMC Wagner,^[1] ChVK^{[lower-alpha 1]} Wagner,^[49] hi̍k-tsiá CHVK Vagner,^{[lower-alpha 2]} sī tsi̍t-ê gô-lô-su tsún kun-sū tsoo-tsit.^[1] Wagne hông bô-kâng biâu-su̍t tsò su-jîn kun-sū kong-si (PMC), hóo-iông kun bāng-lōo hi̍k-tsiá Gôlôsu tsóng-thóng Vladimir Putin ê sū-si̍t siōng ê su-jîn kun-tuī.^[1][50] Wagner tsi̍p-thuân tsit-ê tsoo-tsit ê ūn-tsok tshiau-kuè huat-lu̍t; in-uī gô-lô-su tsìng-sik kìm-tsí su-jîn kun-sū sîng-pau-siong.^[51][52][50] Sui-jiân Wagner tsi̍p-thuân pún-sin bô-siū ì-sik hîng-thài ê khu-tōng,^[53][54] Wagner ê kok-tsióng guân-sòo lóng kah sin-Nazis hūn-tsú hūn-tsú hām iū-i̍k ki̍k-tuan hūn-tsú ū-kuan-hē.^[1][55][56]

Wagner tsi̍p-thuân
Группа Вагнера
Leaders	Yevgeny Prigozhin[1] Lt. Col. Dmitry Utkin ("Wagner")[1] Col. Konstantin Pikalov[1]
Dates of operation	2014–bo̍ktsiân[2]
Headquarters	Saint Petersburg, Russia
Size	40,000 (November 2022)[3] 8,000 (April 2022)[4] 6,000 (December 2017)[5] 1,000 (March 2016)[6] 250 (2014)[7]
Allies	Russian Armed Forces Russian separatist forces in Donbas Syrian Armed Forces Pang-bô͘:Symbol IRGC FACA Libyan National Army FADM FAMa United Arab Emirates[8]
Opponents	Armed Forces of Ukraine Pang-bô͘:Country data Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Islamic State Al-Nusra Front (2014–2017) Tahrir al-Sham Syrian National Army Free Syrian Army Syrian Democratic Forces Coalition of Patriots for Change Libyan Army Ansar al-Sunna Nusrat al-Islam
Battles and wars	Crimean Crisis[9][10] War in Donbas (2014–2022) 2014 Il-76 shootdown[11] Battle of Debaltseve[12][13] Syrian civil war 2015–16 Latakia offensive[14] Northern Aleppo offensive[15] Palmyra offensive (March 2016)[13] Palmyra offensive (2017)[16] Central Syria campaign Hama offensive[17] Deir ez-Zor offensive[18][19] Northwestern Syria campaign[20] Battle of Khasham[21][22] Rif Dimashq offensive[23] Operation Dawn of Idlib[24] Sudanese Civil War[su-iàu siau-kî-gī] (military training and security)[25] CAR Civil War[26][27][28] Bongboto massacre[29] Aïgbado massacre March 2022 attacks Second Libyan Civil War[30][31][32] Western Libya campaign[33] Sudanese Revolution[34] Venezuelan presidential crisis (military training and security)[35][36] Insurgency in Cabo Delgado[37] Mali War[38][39] Moura Massacre[40] Russian invasion of Ukraine[41] Battle of Popasna[42][43] Battle of Sievierodonetsk[44][45] Battle of Lysychansk[46] Battle of Bakhmut
Designated as a terrorist group by	Estonia[47][48]
Flag	tóng-àn:Flag of the Wagner Group.svg

Wagner tsi̍p-thuân teh Ukraina Donbas tsiàn-tsing kî-kan miâ-siann sua-lâi bù khí-lâi; pīng-tshiánn tī 2014-nî tsì 2015-nî kî-kan pang-tsōo tsū-tshing sīb Donetsk hām Luhansk jîn-bîn kiōng-hô-kok ê hun-lî tsú-gī sè-li̍k.^[1] Kin-kì pò-tō, Wagner tsit-ê tsi̍p-thuân tsham-ú sè-kài kok-tē ê kok-tsióng tshiong-tu̍t, pau-kuat Syria, Libya, Tiong-hui kiōng-hô-kok (CAR) hām Mali ê luē-tsiàn; tiānn-tiānn kah Gôlôsu kiat-bîng.^[1] Wagner ê ti̍k-kang teh in pōo-sú ê tē-khu huān-hā tsiàn-tsing tsuē.^[1][57][58] Tsí-khòng pau-kuat kiông-kan hām tshiúnn-kiap pîng-bîn,^[59] kóo-tshui bôo-sat sóo hu-hi̍k ê tsiàn-hû; í-ki̍p tsiat-buâ hông tsí-khòng ê tô-ping.^[60][61]

In-uī Wagner iông-ping tsi̍p-thuân ê ūn-tsok sī uī-tio̍h tsi-tshî Gôlôsu ê lī-ik, uì Gôlôsu kok-hông-pōo (MoD) tsiap-siu kun-sū tsong-pī pīng-tshiánn sú-iōng kok-hông-pōo ê siat-si tsin-hing hùn-liān; sóo-í Wagner tsi̍p-thuân tiānn-tiānn hông jīn-uî sī Gôlôsu kok-hông-pōo hi̍k-tsiá sī Gôlôsu kun-sū tsîng-pò ki-kòo GRU ê tsi̍t-ê to̍k-li̍p tan-uī.^[62] Ta̍k-ke phóo-phiàn jīn-uî tsit-e tsoo-tsit sī iû kah Putin kuan-hē bi̍t-tshiat ê sing-lí-lâng Yevgeny Prigozhin ióng-iú hi̍k-tsiá tsu-tsōo.^[63][64] Teh to-nî hóo-jīn kah Wagner tsi̍p-thuân iú liân-hē liáu-āu, Prigozhin tī 2022-nî 9-gue̍h sîng-jīn i "tshòng-li̍p" tsit-ê kun-sū tsi̍p-thuân.^[63][64] Kin-kì thui-tshik, Gô-lô-su tsìng-hú lī-iōng Wagner tsi̍p-thuân lâi ún-tsún teh bóo-mí ê tshiong-tu̍t tang-tiong tsìn-hîng ha̍p-lí ê thui-uí; pīng-tshiánn am-khàm Gôlôsu tuì-guā kan-ī ê siong-bông jîn-sòo kah tsâi-bū sîng-pún; ^[65] Wagner tsi̍p-thuân teh tsuè-kīn kah 2022-nî Gôlôsu ji̍p-tshim Ukraina, kin-kì pò-tō Wagner tsi̍p-thuân hông pòo-sú teh hia í-lâi àm-sat Ukraina ê líng-tō-jîn.^[66]

Tsù-kiok

1. the Russian abbreviation for Private Military Company
2. (ЧВК Вагнера ChVK Vagnera, Частная Военная Компания Вагнера)

Tsù-kái

1. Faulkner, Christopher (June 2022). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina, pian. "Undermining Democracy and Exploiting Clients: The Wagner Group's Nefarious Activities in Africa" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center. 15 (6): 28–37. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 19 July 2022 hőng khó͘-pih. 16 August 2022 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. Gostev, Aleksandr; Coalson, Robert (16 December 2016). "Russia's Paramilitary Mercenaries Emerge From The Shadows". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 18 September 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
3. "Archive copy". goân-loē-iông tī 2022-11-27 hőng khó͘-pih. 2023-03-02 khòaⁿ--ê.
4. Rai, Arpan (21 April 2022). "Nearly 3,000 of Russia's notorious Wagner mercenary group have been killed in the war, UK MPs told". Independent.
5. "Putin Wants to Win, But Not at All Costs". Bloomberg. 6 December 2017. 20 January 2018 khòaⁿ--ê.
6. Quinn, Allison (30 March 2016). "Vladimir Putin sent Russian mercenaries to 'fight in Syria and Ukraine'". The Daily Telegraph. goân-loē-iông tī 11 January 2022 hőng khó͘-pih. 4 August 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
7. "Проект 'Мясорубка'. Рассказывают три командира 'ЧВК Вагнера'" Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 7 March 2018. (Gô-gú)
8. "UAE accused of funding Russian rebels in Libya". The Sunday Times. 3 December 2020 khòaⁿ--ê.
9. "Revealed: Russia's 'Secret Syria Mercenaries'". Sky News. 10 August 2016. 18 September 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
10. "Russian Mercenaries in Syria". Warsaw Institute Foundation. 22 April 2017. 18 September 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
11. "SBU exposes involvement of Russian 'Wagner PMC' headed by Utkin in destroying Il-76 in Donbas, Debaltseve events – Hrytsak". Interfax-Ukraine. 7 October 2017. 7 October 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
12. Sautreuil, Pierre (9 March 2016). "Believe It or Not, Russia Dislikes Relying on Military Contractors". War Is Boring. 18 September 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
13. Korotkov, Denis (29 March 2016). Они сражались за Пальмиру (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Fontanka.ru. 18 September 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
14. Karouny, Mariam (20 October 2015). "Three Russians killed in Syria: pro-government source". Reuters. 21 October 2015 khòaⁿ--ê.
15. Maria Tsvetkova; Anton Zverev (3 November 2016). "Russian Soldiers Are Secretly Dying In Syria". HuffPost. 19 February 2018 khòaⁿ--ê.
16. Leviev, Ruslan (22 March 2017). "They fought for Palmyra… again: Russian mercenaries killed in battle with ISIS". Conflict Intelligence Team. goân-loē-iông tī 2018-10-03 hőng khó͘-pih. 18 September 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
17. Tomson, Chris (21 September 2017). "VIDEO: Russian Army intervenes in northern Hama, drives back Al-Qaeda militants". al-Masdar News. goân-loē-iông tī 12 June 2019 hőng khó͘-pih. 24 September 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
18. "The media reported the death of another soldier PMC Wagner in Syria". en.news-4-u.ru. goân-loē-iông tī 1 March 2021 hőng khó͘-pih. 12 December 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
19. Dmitriy. "В боях в Сирии погиб уроженец Оренбурга Сергей Карпунин". geo-politica.info. 12 December 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
20. "Еще один доброволец из Томской области погиб в Сирии". vtomske.ru. 15 January 2018. 20 January 2018 khòaⁿ--ê.
21. "Russians dead in 'battle' in Syria's east". Yahoo! News. goân-loē-iông tī 2020-11-09 hőng khó͘-pih. 2023-03-02 khòaⁿ--ê.
22. Aboufadel, Leith (13 February 2018). "US attack on pro-gov't forces in Deir Ezzor killed more than 10 Russians (photos)". goân-loē-iông tī 10 February 2018 hőng khó͘-pih. 13 February 2018 khòaⁿ--ê.
26. "Beyond Syria and Ukraine: Wagner PMC Expands Its Operations to Africa". Jamestown.
27. Gostev, Alexander (25 April 2018). Кремлевская "Драка за Африку". Наемники Пригожина теперь и в джунглях (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 26 April 2018 khòaⁿ--ê.
35. "Exclusive: Kremlin-linked contractors help guard Venezuela's Maduro – sources". Reuters. 25 January 2019.
36. "Geopolitical debts Why Russia is really sending military advisers and other specialists to Venezuela". Meduza.
37. ""War 'declared'": Report on latest military operations in Mocimboa da Praia and Macomia – Carta". Mozambique.
38. France, U.K., Partners Say Russia-Backed Wagner Deployed in Mali
    Mali: West condemns Russian mercenaries 'deployment'
39. "Russian mercenaries in Mali : Photos show Wagner operatives in Segou". France 24. 11 January 2022.
40. "Malian, foreign soldiers allegedly killed hundreds in town siege -rights group". news.yahoo.com.
41. "RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE CAMPAIGN ASSESSMENT, MARCH 14". Institute for the Study of War.
42. Clark, Mason; Barros, George; Hird, Karolina (20 April 2022). "RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE CAMPAIGN ASSESSMENT, APRIL 20". Institute for the Study of Warfare.
43. "[ENG] Ukrainian soldiers captured by Wagner Group in Popasnaya 🇷🇺🏹 🇺🇦" – via www.youtube.com.
44. Yaroslav Trofimov (10 May 2022). "Nearly Encircled, Ukraine's Last Stronghold in Luhansk Resists Russian Onslaught". The Wall Street Journal. goân-loē-iông tī 14 May 2022 hőng khó͘-pih. 11 May 2022 khòaⁿ--ê.
45. "RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE CAMPAIGN ASSESSMENT, JUNE 23". 23 June 2022. 23 June 2022 khòaⁿ--ê.
46. Russia used private mercenaries to reinforce frontline, British intelligence says
47. "The Parliament of Estonia declared Russia a terrorist regime: what does it mean". visitukraine.today (ēng Eng-gí). 2022-11-02 khòaⁿ--ê.
48. "Estonia's parliament declares Russia a 'terrorist regime'". www.aljazeera.com (ēng Eng-gí). 2022-11-02 khòaⁿ--ê.
49. "Russia's Paramilitary Mercenaries Emerge from the Shadows".
50. "What is the Wagner Group, Russia's mercenary organisation?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. 16 March 2022 khòaⁿ--ê. “From a legal perspective, Wagner doesn’t exist,” says Sorcha MacLeod
51. Vorobyov, Niko (2022-08-10). "Shrouded in secrecy for years, Russia's Wagner Group opens up - Russia-Ukraine war News". Al Jazeera. On paper, the Wagner Group, a Russian network providing fighters for hire, does not exist.
52. Mackinnon, Amy (2021-07-06). "Russia's Wagner Group Doesn't Actually Exist". Foreign Policy. 2022-06-04 khòaⁿ--ê.
53. Baker, Nick (13 April 2022). "The Wagner Group: Who are the shadowy Russian mercenaries in Ukraine?". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 April 2022 khòaⁿ--ê.
54. Putin’s Not-So-Secret Mercenaries: Patronage, Geopolitics, and the Wagner Group
55. Ling, Justin (15 March 2022). "Moscow Turns U.S. Volunteers Into New Bogeyman in Ukraine". Foreign Policy. 26 June 2022 khòaⁿ--ê. The propaganda campaign has extolled the Wagner Group as hunting neo-Nazis and extremists. Yet the group’s own ties to the Russian far-right are well documented: The likely founder of the group has the logo of the Nazi Schutzstaffel tattooed on his neck. Various elements of the current Wagner Group have ties to neo-Nazis and far-right extremism.
56. Soufan, Ali; Sales, Nathan. "One of the worst ways Putin is gaslighting the world on Ukraine". NBC News. NBC. The Wagner Group is named after the 19th century German composer Richard Wagner, whose music Adolf Hitler adored. The group’s leader, Dmitry Utkin, reportedly wears Nazi tattoos, including a swastika, a Nazi eagle and SS lightning bolts. Wagner mercenaries are reported to have left behind neo-Nazi propaganda in the war zones where they’ve fought, including graffiti with hate symbols.
57. Walsh, Declan (27 June 2021). "Russian Mercenaries Are Driving War Crimes in Africa, U.N. Says". The New York Times (ēng Eng-gí). ISSN 0362-4331. 4 March 2022 khòaⁿ--ê.
58. "SBU releases new evidence of Russian Wagner fighters' involvement in war crimes against Ukraine". unian.info (ēng Eng-gí). 4 March 2022 khòaⁿ--ê.
59. "What is Russia's Wagner Group of mercenaries in Ukraine?". BBC News. 5 April 2022.
60. "Головорезы (21+)". Новая газета - Novayagazeta.ru. 20 November 2019.
61. "Man who filmed beheading of Syrian identified as Russian mercenary". The Guardian. 21 November 2019.
62. Higgins, Andrew; Nechepurenko, Ivan (7 August 2018). "In Africa, Mystery Murders Put Spotlight on Kremlin's Reach". The New York Times. New York. goân-loē-iông tī 31 January 2020 hőng khó͘-pih. 8 August 2018 khòaⁿ--ê.
63. "Putin ally Yevgeny Prigozhin admits founding Wagner mercenary group". the Guardian (ēng Eng-gí). 2022-09-26. 2022-09-26 khòaⁿ--ê.
64. Reuters (2022-09-26). "Russia's Prigozhin admits link to Wagner mercenaries for first time". Reuters (ēng Eng-gí). 2022-09-26 khòaⁿ--ê.
65. Brimelow, Ben. "Russia is using mercenaries to make it look like it's losing fewer troops in Syria". Business Insider (ēng Eng-gí). 2022-05-28 khòaⁿ--ê.
66. Ma, Alexandra (9 March 2022). "Ukraine posts image of dog tag it said belonged to a killed mercenary from the Wagner Group, said to be charged with assassinating Zelenskyy". Business Insider.

Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k

• Marten, Kimberly (2019). "Russia's Use of Semi-state Security Forces: The Case of the Wagner Group". Post-Soviet Affairs. 35 (3): 181–204. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2019.1591142.
• Parker, John W. (2017). Putin's Syrian Gambit: Sharper Elbows, Bigger Footprint, Stickier Wicket. Institute for National Strategic Studies Strategic Perspectives, No. 25. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press. ISBN 9780160939983.
• Sauer, Pjotr (10 February 2022). "'Mercenaries Have Skills Armies Lack': Former Wagner Operative Opens Up". The Guardian. London. 16 February 2022 khòaⁿ--ê.
• Sturdee, Nick (27 September 2021). "The Wagner Group Files". NewLines Magazine. goân-loē-iông tī 27 September 2022 hőng khó͘-pih. 16 August 2022 khòaⁿ--ê.

Tsham-ua̍t

• Academi – American private military company
• Belligerents in the Syrian civil war
• Military history of the Russian Federation
• Rashism
• Slavonic Corps
• Mozart Group
• Azov Regiment
• Yevgeny Nuzhin
• Kadyrovtsy

Guā-pōo liân-kiat

• Media related to Wagner Group at Wikimedia Commons