Chiáu-á sī sio-hoeh, ē pàng-nn̄g ê chek-chui tōng-bu̍t, chú-iàu ê te̍k-teng sī ū ú (feather), ū chò si̍t iōng--ê chêng-pì (forelimb), it-poaⁿ ū khang-sim ê kut-thâu. Chiáu-lūi siōng sè khó-pí kûn-thâu-bú (phang-chhek/hummingbird), siōng toā chhan-chhiūⁿ nâ-kiû kiû-oân (tô-chiáu, Emu) hiah lò.
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Chiàu Jacques Gauthier ê gián-kiù, chiáu-lūi ū 4 khoán hō͘-siōng chhiong-tu̍t ê tēng-gī.[1] Chêng 3 hāng sī khah ū būn-tê ê tēng-gī, chia 4 hāng hun-pia̍t sī:
- Chiáu-lūi sī chú-liông-lūi (archosaur) lāi-bīn ū ú-mô͘ ê sin-chìn-chiá.
- Chiáu-lūi sī ē-tàng poe--ê.
- Chiau-lūi sī só͘-ū khah óa chiáu khah bô óa kho̍k-hî--ê.
- Chiáu-lūi sī só͘-ū hiān-chûn chiáu-á kap in āu-sì ê kiōng-tông ê chó͘-chian.
Tē 4 hāng sī chi̍t khoán Gauthier thê-chhut ê hun-lūi tēng-gī:
Ha̍k-kài tùi chiáu-lūi bô goân-choân it-tì ê hun-lūi. Charles Sibley kap Jon Ahlquist (1990 nî) ê Chiáu ê Hūn-lūi kap Hē-thóng-lūn (Phylogeny and Classification of Birds) sī tùi chiáu-lūi hun-lūi ê tiòng-iàu tì-chok.[2] Chiàu it-poaⁿ chèng-kù, in-ê bo̍k sī hông jīn-ûi chèng-khak--ê,[3] chóng--sī bo̍k chi kan ê koan-hē iá koh siū ha̍k-chiá cheng-lūn.
Ē-té sī tùi hiān-tāi chiáu-lūi kun-kù Jarvis, E.D. et al. (2014) tùi 48-ê tāi-piáu bu̍t-chéng ê choân ûi-thoán-thé tēng-sū (whole genome sequencing) gián-kiù[4] kap pō͘-hūn Yury, T. et al. (2013) [5] chū-liāu chè-chō ê chi̍t khoán chhin-oân koan-hē tô͘:
Chiáu |
Palaeognathae |
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Struthioniformes (tô-chiáu) |
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Notopalaeognathae |
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Rheiformes (rheas) |
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Novaeratitae |
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Casuariiformes (emus & cassowaries) |
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Apterygiformes (kiwi) |
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†Aepyornithiformes (chhiūⁿ-chiáu) |
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Neognathae |
Galloanserae |
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Galliformes (chicken, grouse, turkeys, etc.) |
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Odontoanserae |
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†Pelagornithidae |
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Anserimorphae |
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†Gastornithiformes |
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Anseriformes (ah, gô, kap thian-gô) |
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Neoaves |
Columbea |
Mirandornithes |
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Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos) |
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Podicipediformes (grebes) |
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Columbimorphae |
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Columbiformes (hún-chiáu kap dodo) |
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Mesitornithiformes (mesites) |
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Pteroclidiformes (sandgrouses) |
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Passerea |
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Cypselomorphae (hummingbirds, swifts) |
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Otidimorphae |
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Cuculiformes (cuckoos) |
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Otidiformes (bustards) |
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Musophagiformes (turacos) |
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Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin) |
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Cursorimorphae |
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Gruiformes (rails and cranes) |
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Charadriiformes (gulls, auks, shorebirds, waders) |
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Aequornithes (loons, khiā-gô, herons, pelicans, storks, etc) |
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Eurypygimorphae |
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Eurypygiformes (sunbittern, kagu) |
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Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds) |
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Telluraves |
Afroaves |
Accipitrimorphae |
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Cathartiformes (condors and New World vultures) |
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Accipitriformes (hawks, eagles, Old World vultures etc.) |
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Strigiformes (owls) |
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Coraciimorphae |
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Coliiformes (mousebirds) |
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Eucavitaves |
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Leptosomatiformes (cuckoo roller) |
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Cavitaves |
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Trogoniformes (trogons) |
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Picocoraciae |
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Australaves |
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Cariamiformes (seriemas, terror birds etc) |
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Eufalconimorphae |
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Chiáu-lūi seng-oa̍h tī tōa-pō͘-hūn ê lio̍k-tē, tí chhit ê tāi-lio̍k lóng ū chûn-chāi, siâng óa lâm-pêng ê chéng-lūi sī Lâm-kek-chiu hióng lōe-lio̍k 440 kong-lí ū cho̍k-kûn ê Pagodroma nivea.[6] Jia̍t-tāi só͘-chāi sī chiáu-lūi ê to-iūⁿ-sèng (biodiversity) siāng hoat-ta̍t ê tē-khu.
Chiáu ê kun-keh cho͘-sêng sī chin khin ê kut-thâu, lāi-bīn hâm ē-táng ji̍p khong-khì, kap ho͘-khip hē-thóng sio chiap ê khang-phāng.[7]
Gauthier, J., and de Queiroz, K. (2001). "Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name Aves." Pp. 7–41 in New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom (J. A. Gauthier and L. F. Gall, eds.). Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.
Sibley, Charles; Jon Edward Ahlquist (1990). Phylogeny and classification of birds. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04085-7.
Mayr, Ernst; Short, Lester L. (1970). Species Taxa of North American Birds: A Contribution to Comparative Systematics. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, no. 9. Cambridge, Mass.: Nuttall Ornithological Club. OCLC 517185.
Yuri, T.; et al. (2013). "Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals". Biology. 2 (1): 419–444. doi:10.3390/biology2010419.
Brooke, Michael (2004). Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850125-0.
Ting Hun, Lee., Wassem, A. Wani., & Eddie, Tan Ti Tjih (2015) Cách ăn tổ Yến Sào Archived 2021-10-22 at the Wayback Machine.