海蝦養殖 是水產養殖 的一形式，以放養具經濟價值的蝦 類為主。
南韓 的蝦池商業海蝦養殖場開始於20世紀70年代，飼養海蝦以供人食用。海蝦生產量急劇增長以滿足市場的需求──尤其是美國 、日本 和西歐 的市場。在2003年，全球生產的養殖蝦超過160萬噸，價值近九十億美元。約75％養殖蝦由亞洲 國家生產，中國 和泰國 是最大的生產國。其餘25％由拉丁美洲 國家生產，巴西 是最大的生產國。最大的出口國是泰國。
數百年來，亞洲 使用傳統的低密度方法養蝦；印尼 的鹹水池塘可以追溯至十五世紀。有些小規模漁塘只單獨養蝦，有一些則連同其他物種，如虱目魚 一起飼養。有些蝦則養在旱季的稻田裏，與水稻輪作 ──因為旱季不能種植稻米 [ 1] 紅樹林 地區有豐富的野生蝦，所以是最理想的養蝦場。野生蝦苖被困在漁塘，以天然的水中生物為生，當長到理想的大小時，蝦農撈捕蝦穫。
工業蝦養殖的起源，可追溯到20世紀30年代，當時日本首次培育日本對蝦 （Penaeus japonicus）。到了60年代，日本已經出現小規模的蝦養殖業[ 2] 熱帶 和亞熱帶 地區。1980年代初期，海蝦的需求日益增長，與此同時，野生蝦漁獲郤不能增加，這為海蝦養殖業創造一個理想的發展環境，造就它的繁榮。
台灣 是其中一個早期的參與者，在上世紀80年代是主要的養蝦生產地。然而由於管理不善和疾病，台灣的蝦養殖工業從1988年開始崩塌[ 3] 泰國 迅速擴展[ 4] 厄瓜多爾 率先在南美 開發養蝦業，並且從1978年開始急劇發展[ 5] [ 6]
在1970年代，野生海蝦捕撈業能供應的海蝦產量，不足以滿足消費者對海蝦的需求，因此海蝦養殖成為一個經濟上可行的替代方法，以滿足市場日益增長的需求。舊式的自給自足的養殖方法（又稱少有餘糧的農場經營、餬口農業 公頃 大，而在一些地方的工業養蝦場的大小，卻能達100公頃（1平方公里）。
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