劇本主人翁哈姆雷特是位丹麥王子。他在劇中第三幕第一場的經典獨白「生存還是毀滅,這是個問題」(英語:To be, or not to be; that's the question)是戲劇史上流傳最廣的台詞之一,也是許多現代演員惡夢般的表演難點。在劇場中,哈姆雷特是在西方各國扮演最多的角色之一,也對成熟的男演員提出了巨大挑戰,因為哈姆雷特在劇中是一個初出茅廬的年輕人。
哈姆雷特式的傳奇廣泛存在(如在意大利、西班牙、拜占庭、阿拉伯等地),其核心主題「英雄是傻瓜」可能發源於印歐地區[11] 。一些前哈姆雷特的古代作品可以找到。第一個是匿名人所著的斯堪的納維亞《赫羅爾夫與卡其色傳奇》[12]。其中,被謀殺的國王有兩個兒子——赫羅爾夫與卡其色——他倆在故事中隱姓埋名,而不是像莎士比亞戲劇中的那樣假裝癲瘋[13]。第二個是羅馬布魯圖斯傳奇(legend of Brutus),出現於兩個獨立的拉丁作品當中。故事的主角盧修斯[14],改名為布魯圖斯(愚鈍的),來躲避父兄們所遭遇的不幸,並最終殺死家族的兇手國王塔克文[15]。十七世紀北歐學者托夫斯(Torfaeus)將冰島英雄阿姆羅德(Amlodi)、西班牙王子阿姆巴勒斯[16]與莎士比亞的《哈姆雷特》作了對比。類似的地方包括王子裝瘋,意外地在母親臥室里誤殺國王的大臣,最終殺死自己的叔叔。[17]
學者們常常猜測《哈姆雷特》中的波隆尼爾的原型可能來自伯利爵士威廉·塞西爾[34]。他是高級財務主管,伊利沙伯一世的大顧問。錢伯斯[35]認為波隆尼爾對雷爾提的建議可以映照伯利爵士對他兒子羅伯特·塞西爾的建議。約翰·威爾遜[36]認為波隆尼爾的原型就是伯利,而勞斯(A. L. Rowse)則猜測波隆尼爾文縐縐的口舌類似伯利爵士。[37]莉蓮·溫斯坦萊 認為《第一四開本》中的名字"Corambis"暗示了塞西爾和伯利。[38]哈羅德·詹金(Harold Jenkins)則批評道對他人名字的直接引述或諷刺「不是莎士比亞的風格」,[39]而希波德[40]則假設《第一四開本》與其它版本中名字的不同[41]可能是由於作者不想冒犯牛津大學的學者而做的改動。[42]
就獨白「生存還是毀滅」而言,早期三版本中的文字出入巨大,而1823年意外發現的一本Q1激起人們的許多興趣,以及對編輯活動的質疑和重新解釋。學者們立即從Q1中發現了明顯的瑕疵,並導致了「壞四開本」這一概念的出現[74]。然而,Q1有它的價值:文本中包含了許多舞台指令,反映出當時戲劇的真實運作情況,這在Q2和F1中是不存在的;文本中的4.6幕在Q2或F1中不存在[75] ;文本對比較之後版本十分有幫助。該版本中場次順序更為連貫,不像Q2和F1中換場時出現的猶豫與躊躇。Q1的主要瑕疵在於語言:特別是著名的「生存還是毀滅」那句:"To be, or not to be, aye there's the point. / To die, to sleep, is that all? Aye all: / No, to sleep, to dream, aye marry there it goes."
所有關於《哈姆雷特》的引述,除非另加註釋,否者都來自於Arden Shakespeare Q2 (Thompson and Taylor, 2006a)。在他們的引述系統下,3.1.55 意思是 act 3, scene 1, line 55. 對《第一四開本》和《第一對開本》中各自簡寫為Hamlet Q1 和 Hamlet F1,來源於Arden Shakespeare "Hamlet: the texts of 1603 and 1623" (Thompson and Taylor, 2006b)。他們的引述系統Q1 中沒有act breaks, 所以 7.115 意思是scene 7, line 115.
See Taylor (2002, 4); Banham (1998, 141); Hattaway asserts that "Richard Burbage ... played Hieronimo and also Richard III but then was the first Hamlet, Lear, and Othello" (1982, 91); Peter Thomson argues that the identity of Hamlet as Burbage is built into the dramaturgy of several moments of the play: "we will profoundly misjudge the position if we do not recognise that, whilst this is Hamlet talking about the groundlings, it is also Burbage talking to the groundlings" (1983, 24); see also Thomson on the first player's beard (1983, 110).
In his 1936 book The Problem of Hamlet: A Solution Andrew Cairncross asserted that the Hamlet referred to in 1589 was written by Shakespeare; Peter Alexander (1964), Eric Sams (according to Jackson 1991, 267) and, more recently, Harold Bloom (2001, xiii and 383; 2003, 154) have agreed. Harold Jenkins, the editor of the second series Arden edition of the play, dismisses the idea as groundless (1982, 84 n4).
Polonius was close to the Latin name for Robert Pullen, founder of Oxford University, and Reynaldo too close for safety to John Rainolds, the President of Corpus Christi College. G.R.Hibbard (ed.) Hamlet, Oxford University Press, 1987, pp.74–5.
MacCary suggests 1599 or 1600 (1998, 13); James Shapiro offers late 1600 or early 1601 (2005, 341); Wells and Taylor suggest that the play was written in 1600 and revised later (1988, 653); the New Cambridge editor settles on mid-1601 (Edwards 1985, 8); the New Swan Shakespeare Advanced Series editor agrees with 1601 (Lott 1970, xlvi); Thompson and Taylor, tentatively ("according to whether one is the more persuaded by Jenkins or by Honigmann") suggest a terminus ad quem of either Spring 1601 or sometime in 1600 (2001a, 58–59).
Hamlet F1 2.2.337. The whole conversation between Rozencrantz, Guildenstern and Hamlet concerning the touring players' departure from the city is at Hamlet "F1" 2.2.324–360.
Thompson and Taylor published Q2, with appendices, in their first volume (2006a) and the F1 and Q1 texts in their second volume (2006b). Bate and Rasmussen (2007) is the F1 text with additional Q2 passages in an appendix. The New Cambridge series has begun to publish separate volumes for the separate quarto versions that exist of Shakespeare's plays (Irace 1998).
This is widely interpreted as having a double meaning, since 'nunnery' was slang for a brothel. Pauline Kiernan, Filthy Shakespeare, Quercus, 2006, p. 34. This interpretation has been challenged by Jenkins (1982, 493–495; also H. D. F. Kitto) on the grounds of insufficient and inconclusive evidence of a precedent for this meaning; Jenkins states that the literal meaning is better suited to the dramatic context.
Hamlet has 208 quotations in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations; it takes up 10 of 85 pages dedicated to Shakespeare in the 1986 Bartlett's Familiar Quotations (14th ed. 1968). For examples of lists of the greatest books, see Harvard Classics, Great Books, Great Books of the Western World, Harold Bloom's The Western Canon, St. John's College reading list, and Columbia College Core Curriculum.
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