有人提出,「Afrigh」是阿拉伯化的波斯語「Abriz」(آبریز 「Abriz」是水流之處,指的是花剌子模的地理環境,以及其豐富的水域)。然而,帕爾維茲·阿茲凱(Parviz Azkai)博士在他對比魯尼的《古代民族編年史(英語:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries)》(Chronology of Ancient Nations,或原文書名直譯成英文The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries)中註釋所解釋的,這名詞是種流行的詞源。阿茲凱說,Afrigh的原字是Ap-Air-ig,意思是雅利安人的後裔:ap(或af)與「afrashtan」(波斯語:افراشتن)中的涵義相同,有撫育的意思(to raise);air是Aryan的字根,Iraj和Eran/Iran(雅利安的土地,land of Aryan)相同;-ig是伊朗語言中的關係字字尾,與英語中的「-ic」或法語中的「-ique」屬於相同詞源。
王國
花剌子模一直由古老家族阿夫理格(Afrighids of Kath)統治,首都設在白露倪(英語:Beruniy)(亦稱凱特(Kath)),直到公元995年。地理上位於阿姆河下游灌溉良好且農產豐富的之地。四周被草原和沙漠所包圍,在地理上與其他文明地區隔絕。這種隔離使它得以保有獨特的伊朗語言和文化。[3]花剌子模是早期發展出伊朗文明的地區之一,當地出生的歷史學者比魯尼說花剌子模的文明可追溯到公元前一千年之前。在公元8世紀之前,曾有阿拉伯人從大呼羅珊和河中地區發動過對花剌子模邊緣少數的攻擊,但效果不大。但到公元712年,屈底波·伊本·穆斯林得以介入阿夫理格王朝國王和他的兄弟Khorrazad之間的內戰。比魯尼指出,前後共兩次的阿拉伯人入侵造成巨大的破壞。一旦阿拉伯人撤出後,阿夫理格王朝又重新恢復統治,根據比魯尼的說法,他們繼續堅守其祖傳信仰就是祆教。為抵抗阿拉伯人,當地的國王繼續與附近的的伊朗人小國君主、粟特商人,甚至是突厥人,以及中國人結盟。[1]
C.E. Bosworth, "The Ghaznavids" in History of Civilization: Central Asia in History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV: The Age of Achievement : A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century : Part One : The Historical Social and Economic Setting/edited by M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth. Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1999, 485 pages. (Vol. IV, Pt. I). ISBN81-208-1595-5. Excerpt from page 101: "The ancient Iranian kingdom of Khwarazm had been ruled until 995 by the old established line of Afrighids of Kath, but control subsequently passed to the new line of Khwarazm Shahs, the Ma'munids of Gurganj"
L. Massignon, "Al-Biruni et la valeur internationale de la science arabe" in Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume, (Calcutta, 1951). pp 217-219. excerpt: In a celebrated preface to the book of Drugs, Biruni says: It is through the Arabic language that the sciences have been transmitted by means of translations from all parts of the world. They have been enhanced by the translation into the Arabic language and have as a result insinuated themselves into men's hearts, and the beauty of this language has commingled with these sciences in our veins and arteries. And if it is true that in all nations one likes to adorn oneself by using the language to which one has remained loyal, having become accustomed to using it with friends and companions according to need, I must judge for myself that in my nativeKhwarezmian, science has as much as chance of becoming perpetuated as a camel has of facing Kaaba.
Nerazik, E. E.; Bulgakov, P. G. Litvinsky, B. A. , 編. Khwarizm. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750 (Paris: UNESCO Publishing). 1996: 207-231 [207, 224] [9 May 2021]. ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0. (原始內容存檔於2022-04-08).
進一步閱讀
Khwarezm in Encyclopædia Iranica by Yuri Aleksandrovich Rapoport [1]
Albiruni. The Chronology Of Ancient Nations, trans.Edward Sachau. London: Elibron Classics, 2005.
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