阿茲米·比沙拉(阿拉伯語:عزمي بشارة;希伯來語:עזמי בשארה,1956年7月22日—)是一個擁有以色列公民身份的巴勒斯坦基督徒,1996年至2007年4月期間代表阿拉伯政黨巴拉德黨任以色列國會議員,他也是該政黨的領袖。[1]
當報導指以色列有關部門對他作出一系列「嚴重」但「未具體說明」的指控,他宣佈辭職,[2] 後來發現這些罪名是叛國和間諜罪。[3] 辭職後,比沙拉失去作為國會議會的刑事豁免權,並選擇留在國外,但他表示有返國的打算。[4]
早年
阿茲米·比沙拉生於拿撒勒,在拿撒勒的一所浸信會學校上學[來源請求]。他在1974年時成立了全國阿拉伯裔中學生委員會,並於1976年當上主席[5]。他也協助成立了保衛阿拉伯土地委員會,以及第一個全國阿拉伯裔學生聯盟。[1]
在1970年代,他就讀位於耶路撒冷的希伯來大學,在這個阿拉伯裔與猶太裔共處的校園內非常活躍。他領導全國阿拉伯裔學生聯盟,是以色列共產黨(現為「和平與平等民主陣線(The Democratic Front for Peace and Equality,Hadash)」的一部分)的黨員,還支持一個國際馬克思主義的政治計劃。
於1986年完成柏林洪堡大學的博士學位以後,他任職於巴勒斯坦的比爾澤特大學[6],並於1994年至1996年間擔任哲學與文化研究學系的系主任。他也擔任位於耶路撒冷的Van Leer研究院的資深研究員。[7]
政治生涯
比沙拉從以色列第十四屆國會開始擔任國會議員(1996年6月17日就職),而且是他所代表的政黨「國民民主大會」(National Democratic Assembly,NDA-Balad,有時誤稱為National Democratic Alliance[5])的創建者。[7]
比沙拉是第一個角逐以色列總理的阿裔人士(1999年)[8] ,但在選前兩天退出。最後總理一職由埃胡德·巴拉克擊敗本雅明·內塔尼亞胡而獲得。[1][9]
2003年,第16屆國會選舉期間,中央選舉委員會應檢察總長魯賓斯坦(Elyakim Rubinstein)的要求,認定比沙拉和他代表的政黨Balad支持武裝力量,意圖摧毀猶太教在以色列的地位,從而宣告比沙拉和國民民主大會不符候選資格。以色列最高法院後來推翻了中選會以上的裁定。
比沙拉在2001年訪問敘利亞,在一場紀念敘利亞故總統哈菲茲·阿薩德的典禮中發表演說,支持真主黨。返國後,依據以色列的「恐怖防制條例」(Prevention of Terror Ordinance),他以煽動暴力以及支持恐怖組織罪名起訴。他在2006年9月和同黨國會議員再度出訪敘利亞和黎巴嫩,對以色列為了消弭內部危機以及對外展示威懾能力,在多處發動攻擊的可能性提出警告,並對黎巴嫩總理表示真主黨反抗以色死的行動鼓舞了阿拉伯人民的精神。隨後在內政部長巴安(Roni Bar-On)要求下,檢察總長馬魯茲(Menachem Mazuz)對比沙拉和同黨籍的國會議員塔哈(Wassel Taha)及Jamal Zahalka展開刑事調查,法源是2001年國會通過的一項禁止國會議員訪問敵國的法令。
2007年4月22日,在以色列警方展開通敵和跨國洗錢的調查以後,比沙拉透過以色列駐開羅大使館聲明辭去國會議員職務。據聞他將滯留國外,因為他相信他不會受到公平的審判。
原先因為法院的言論禁止令(gag order),比沙拉的案情中只有戰時資助敵方、傳送資訊給敵方、與外國官員接觸以及洗錢的部分是公開的。在以色列國土報(Haaretz)和其它媒體的要求下,佩塔提克瓦裁判法院在2007年5月2日宣佈取消對比沙拉的案件的言論禁止令。
比沙拉被控在2006年黎巴嫩戰爭期間向真主黨提供應該以飛彈或長程飛戰攻擊的戰略地點。以色列高等法院授權辦案人員對他進行監聽。
根據法院記錄,比沙拉被審訊了兩次,而在第二次審訊時,他說他將離開以色列數日,並將在返國後儘快第三次到庭說明。他2007年4月對一群示威的支持者透過電話演說表示,他的罪名是他愛他的祖國,而且在他一生中他不曾開槍或者殺過一個人。他在國會席位的繼位者Said Nafa評論比沙拉被控的罪名和辭職一事,說:「國安局(Shin Bet)做了太多讓人民生氣的事情……他們陰謀將一位卓越的阿人領袖斬首。他們註定失敗。」
其它
著作
- 他是以下書籍的作者:
Min yahudiyat al-dawla hata Sharon ("From the Jewishness of the State to Sharon") (2005)
The Ruptured Political Discourse and Other Studies (Arabic, 1998)
The Palestinian Intifada and Its Reflections in the Israeli Public Opinion
- 比沙拉寫過許多關於民族主義、伊斯蘭信仰、民主、巴勒斯坦議題、少數族群權益的文章。[12]
- 他也編輯過15本教導民主原則的阿拉伯文小冊子和教科書。[12]
- On the Democratic Option: Four Critical Studies. Re-published by the Center for Arab Unity Studies, Lebanon, 1993 (with Burhan Ghalioun, George Giacaman, and Said Zeedani)
- Ziad Abu-Amr, with a Critical Commentary by Ali Jarbawi and Azmi Bishara: Civil Society and Democratic Change in Palestinian Society. 1995
- A Critical Perspective on Palestinian Democracy. 1995 (with Musa Budeiri, Jamil Hilal, George Giacaman, and Azmi Bishara)
- A Contribution to the Critique of Civil Society. 1996
- The Ruptured Political Discourse and other Studies. 1998
- The Site of Meaning: Essays from the First Year of the Intifada. 2002
- In the Wake of the Israeli Invasion: Issues of Palestinian National Strategy. 2002.
- Theses on a Deferred Awakening. 2003
- From the Jewishness of the State to Sharon 2005 ISBN 9950-312-16-7
- The Elements of Democracy Series Series Editor: Dr. Azmi Bishara (12 publications from '94 to '99)
- The Arabs in Israel/Azmi Bishara, Moreton-in-Marsh : Arris, 2003
- The Palestinians of Israel/an interview with Azmi Bishara in The new Intifada:resisting Israel’s apartheid, edited by Roane Carey;introduction by Noam Chomsky, London; New York:Verso, 2001, ISBN 1950943778
- The Palestinian elections:an assessment/Azmi Bishara et al., Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1997[13]
- Universal instincts; The West, served by Arab "moderates", is attempting to take the Arab world back to the Stone Age (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), 5 October 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 815
- Ministry of strategic threats; Avigdor Lieberman's arrival in the Israeli cabinet is symptomatic of the degradation of the country's political system (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), 1 November 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 818
- Realities of death; The value of life has little to do with the value accorded to death and the latter, is determined as much by who did the killing as by the identity of the victim (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), 16 November 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 820
- A selective memory (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), 24 November 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 821
- Strong in spite of themselves; Now is the time for America's Arab allies to whisper advice to Washington, thanks to the resistance in Lebanon, Iraq and Palestine (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), 8 December 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 823
- On sectarian and ethnic sobriquets; However much you re-label the jar, the contents remain the same, 14 December 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 824
- Ways of denial; The Holocaust must be contextualised, and its lessons learned, 21 December 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 825
- End of the neocons; This year marked a major shift in American fortunes; one to which nationalist and leftist Arab political forces much respond in unity, 28 December 2006, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 826
- Return to Arab survival; Over Iraq, Arab states lost their way, putting the survival of the Arab order subservient to external favour, and US-inspired coalitions, 18 January 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 828
- Bigots and history; Neo-cons, orientalists and Zionists gathered recently in Israel to confirm their fantasies about history, people and politics, 1 February 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly
- In place of appeasement; It is not among the duties of resistance movements to court popularity from outside powers, 15 February 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 832
- Olmert: as expected; Israel is demanding the absurd, but the illusion is shattered if Arab states understand that the game of axis politics is not in their interest (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), 22 March 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 837
- Initiative versus principle; If Israel rejects the best Arab position, perhaps the Arabs should revert to maximal demands and ask Israel to propose a plan (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), 29 March 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly
- Back to square one; Tempted by the trappings of statehood, Palestinian leaders forgot they had yet to build a state, 5 April 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 839
- Shattered illusions (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), 19 April 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 841
- Why Israel is after me (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), 3 May 2007, Electronic Intifada
- A restructured PLO; Without an organisation capable of representing all Palestinians, both in the occupied territories and the diaspora, the future can comprise little beyond internecine conflict, 21 June 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 850
- Empty-hearted secularism; False oppositions and machinations are rife in the Arab world, where secularism has become a corrupted political fashion, 2 August 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 856
- The one clear solution; A workable and just solution in Palestine is predicated on one principle, tested in South Africa: side with racism or be against, 16 August 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 858
- Israeli games again (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), 30 August 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 860
- Ignorant thieves (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), 6 September 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 861
- Headlong to more of the same (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), 18 October 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 867
- US war insanity (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), 08 November 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 870
- Madrid redux; Bush's peace meeting is nothing but an empty orgy of rhetoric (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), 29 November 2007, Al-Ahram Weekly, issue 873
- Die Jerusalem Frage : Israelis und Palaestinenser im Gespraech. Teddy Kollek, Hanan Ashrawi, Amos Oz, Faisal Husseini, Ehud Olmert, Albert Aghazarian, Shulamit Aloni, Nazmi al-Jubeh, Meron Benvenisti, Ikrima Sabri, Michel Sabbah/Uri Avnery, Azmi Bishara (Hg.) (Translated from the Arabic, English or Hebrew by various translators), Heidelberg : Palmyra, c1996 [14]
- --alles ändert sich die ganze Zeit:soziale Bewegung(en) im "Nahen Osten"/Jörg Später (Hrsg.), mit Beiträgen von Azmi Bishara et al., Freiburg (Breisgau) : Informationszentrum Dritte Welt, 1994[13]
獲獎
參考資料
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