美金剛胺

美金剛胺
臨床資料
商品名（英語：Drug nomenclature）	Axura, Ebixa, Namenda, others
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a604006
核准狀況	歐 EMA: yes; 美 DailyMed: Namenda;
懷孕分級	澳: B2 ; ;
給藥途徑	口服
ATC碼	N06DX01 (WHO) ;
法律規範狀態
法律規範	澳：限醫生處方（S4）; 歐：Rx-only; 英：處方藥（℞-only） (POM); 美：處方藥（℞-only）;
藥物動力學數據
生物利用度	~100%
藥物代謝	肝（<10%）
生物半衰期	60–100 小時
排泄途徑	腎
識別資訊
	IUPAC命名法 3,5-dimethyltricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-1amine; or; 3,5-dimethyladamantan-1-amine; ;
CAS號	19982-08-2
PubChem CID	4054;
IUPHAR/BPS	4253;
DrugBank	DB01043 ;
ChemSpider	3914 ;
UNII	W8O17SJF3T;
KEGG	D08174 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL807 ;
CompTox Dashboard（英語：CompTox Chemicals Dashboard） (EPA)	DTXSID5045174 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.217.937
化學資訊
化學式	C12H21N
摩爾質量	179.31 g·mol−1
3D模型（JSmol（英語：JSmol））	交互式圖像;
	SMILES NC12CC3(CC(C1)(CC(C2)C3)C)C;
	InChI InChI=1S/C12H21N/c1-10-3-9-4-11(2,6-10)8-12(13,5-9)7-10/h9H,3-8,13H2,1-2H3 ; Key:BUGYDGFZZOZRHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;

美金剛胺（Memantine）是用於減緩中度至重度阿爾茨海默症進展的藥物^[2]^[3]，通過口服使用。^[2]

Quick Facts 臨床資料, 商品名（英語：Drug nomenclature） ...

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美金剛胺的常見副作用包括頭痛、便秘、嗜睡和頭暈，^[2]^[3]嚴重的副作用可能包括血栓、精神病和心力衰竭。^[3]它的作用機理認為是阻擋N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受體。^[2]

在美國於2003年批准用於美金剛胺醫療用途。^[2]它可作為通用名藥物使用。^[3]2019年，美金剛胺是美國第169常用的處方藥，有超過三百萬張處方。^[4]^[5]

醫療用途

阿爾茨海默症與失智症

美金剛胺用於治療中度至重度阿爾茨海默症，尤其是使用乙酰膽鹼酶抑制劑耐受性不佳或是有禁忌症的病人。^[6]^[7]有治療指引建議對於早期至中度失智症病人可考慮使用美金剛胺或乙酰膽鹼酶抑制劑。^[8]

研究顯示美金剛胺可造成中等程度的症狀改善，^[9]對於中度至重度阿茲海默症病人可帶來認知、性情、行為、日常活動方面，有小的正面效應。^[10]^[11]但對於早期病人似乎並無益處。^[12]

在2017年的一篇回顧文獻指出，對於中度至重度失智症病人，併用美金剛胺與多奈哌齊（Donepezil）可帶來有限的改善。^[13]英國英國國家健康與臨床卓越機構（National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; NICE）在2018年提出了治療指引，建議對於中度至中度失智症病人可考慮併用美金剛胺與多奈哌齊。^[14]

心理醫學

雙相情緒障礙症

曾研究使用美金剛胺治療處於抑鬱期的雙相情緒障礙症患者，但統合分析的結果並不支持此用途。^[15]

自閉症

本藥物對於自閉症的效果不明。^[16]^[17]

參見

3-羥基苯環己哌啶
Rhynchophylline（英語：Rhynchophylline）

參考資料

[1]
International brands for memantine. Drugs.com. [7 August 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-25）.
[2]
Memantine Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals. Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [3 March 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-25）（英語）.
[3]
British national formulary : BNF 76 76. Pharmaceutical Press. 2018: 303–304. ISBN 9780857113382.
[4]
The Top 300 of 2019. ClinCalc. [16 October 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-18）.
[5]
Memantine - Drug Usage Statistics. ClinCalc. [16 October 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-03）.
[6]
Mount C, Downton C. Alzheimer disease: progress or profit?. Nature Medicine. July 2006, 12 (7): 780–784. PMID 16829947. doi:10.1038/nm0706-780 .
[7]
NICE review of technology appraisal guidance 111 January 18, 2011 Alzheimer's disease - donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine (review): final appraisal determination 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期21 March 2019.
[8]
Page AT, Potter K, Clifford R, McLachlan AJ, Etherton-Beer C. Medication appropriateness tool for co-morbid health conditions in dementia: consensus recommendations from a multidisciplinary expert panel. Internal Medicine Journal. October 2016, 46 (10): 1189–1197. PMC 5129475 . PMID 27527376. doi:10.1111/imj.13215.
^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為AMH2006的參考文獻提供內容
[10]
McShane R, Westby MJ, Roberts E, Minakaran N, Schneider L, Farrimond LE, et al. Memantine for dementia. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. March 2019, 3 (3): CD003154. PMC 6425228 . PMID 30891742. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003154.pub6.
[11]
van Dyck CH, Tariot PN, Meyers B, Malca Resnick E. A 24-week randomized, controlled trial of memantine in patients with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 2007, 21 (2): 136–143. PMID 17545739. S2CID 25621202. doi:10.1097/WAD.0b013e318065c495.
[12]
Schneider LS, Dagerman KS, Higgins JP, McShane R. Lack of evidence for the efficacy of memantine in mild Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology. August 2011, 68 (8): 991–998. PMID 21482915. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.69 .
[13]
Chen R, Chan PT, Chu H, Lin YC, Chang PC, Chen CY, Chou KR. Chen K , 編. Treatment effects between monotherapy of donepezil versus combination with memantine for Alzheimer disease: A meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 21 August 2017, 12 (8): e0183586. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1283586C. PMC 5565113 . PMID 28827830. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183586 .
[14]
Overview | Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers | Guidance | NICE. www.nice.org.uk. [6 August 2020]. （原始內容存檔於12 August 2020）.
[15]
Bartoli F, Cavaleri D, Bachi B, Moretti F, Riboldi I, Crocamo C, Carrà G. Repurposed drugs as adjunctive treatments for mania and bipolar depression: A meta-review and critical appraisal of meta-analyses of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Psychiatric Research. November 2021, 143: 230–238. PMID 34509090. S2CID 237485915. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.018.
[16]
Parr J. Autism. BMJ Clinical Evidence. January 2010, 2010. PMC 2907623 . PMID 21729335.
[17]
Hong MP, Erickson CA. Investigational drugs in early-stage clinical trials for autism spectrum disorder. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs (Informa UK Limited). August 2019, 28 (8): 709–718. PMID 31352835. S2CID 198967266. doi:10.1080/13543784.2019.1649656.

擴展閱讀

Lipton SA. The molecular basis of memantine action in Alzheimer's disease and other neurologic disorders: low-affinity, uncompetitive antagonism. Current Alzheimer Research. April 2005, 2 (2): 155–65. PMID 15974913. doi:10.2174/1567205053585846.

外部連結

Memantine. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. [2022-02-15]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-15）.

[brands-1] [1]
International brands for memantine. Drugs.com. [7 August 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-25）.

[AHFS2019-2] [2]
Memantine Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals. Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [3 March 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-25）（英語）.

[BNF76-3] [3]
British national formulary : BNF 76 76. Pharmaceutical Press. 2018: 303–304. ISBN 9780857113382.

[4] [4]
The Top 300 of 2019. ClinCalc. [16 October 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-18）.

[5] [5]
Memantine - Drug Usage Statistics. ClinCalc. [16 October 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-03）.

[MountC2006-6] [6]
Mount C, Downton C. Alzheimer disease: progress or profit?. Nature Medicine. July 2006, 12 (7): 780–784. PMID 16829947. doi:10.1038/nm0706-780 .

[NICE_Guidelines-7] [7]
NICE review of technology appraisal guidance 111 January 18, 2011 Alzheimer's disease - donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine (review): final appraisal determination 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期21 March 2019.

[8] [8]
Page AT, Potter K, Clifford R, McLachlan AJ, Etherton-Beer C. Medication appropriateness tool for co-morbid health conditions in dementia: consensus recommendations from a multidisciplinary expert panel. Internal Medicine Journal. October 2016, 46 (10): 1189–1197. PMC 5129475 . PMID 27527376. doi:10.1111/imj.13215.

[AMH2006-9] 引用錯誤：沒有為名為AMH2006的參考文獻提供內容

[10] [10]
McShane R, Westby MJ, Roberts E, Minakaran N, Schneider L, Farrimond LE, et al. Memantine for dementia. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. March 2019, 3 (3): CD003154. PMC 6425228 . PMID 30891742. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003154.pub6.

[11] [11]
van Dyck CH, Tariot PN, Meyers B, Malca Resnick E. A 24-week randomized, controlled trial of memantine in patients with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 2007, 21 (2): 136–143. PMID 17545739. S2CID 25621202. doi:10.1097/WAD.0b013e318065c495.

[Review11-12] [12]
Schneider LS, Dagerman KS, Higgins JP, McShane R. Lack of evidence for the efficacy of memantine in mild Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology. August 2011, 68 (8): 991–998. PMID 21482915. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.69 .

[Chen2017-13] [13]
Chen R, Chan PT, Chu H, Lin YC, Chang PC, Chen CY, Chou KR. Chen K , 編. Treatment effects between monotherapy of donepezil versus combination with memantine for Alzheimer disease: A meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 21 August 2017, 12 (8): e0183586. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1283586C. PMC 5565113 . PMID 28827830. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183586 .

[14] [14]
Overview | Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers | Guidance | NICE. www.nice.org.uk. [6 August 2020]. （原始內容存檔於12 August 2020）.

[repurposed2021-15] [15]
Bartoli F, Cavaleri D, Bachi B, Moretti F, Riboldi I, Crocamo C, Carrà G. Repurposed drugs as adjunctive treatments for mania and bipolar depression: A meta-review and critical appraisal of meta-analyses of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Psychiatric Research. November 2021, 143: 230–238. PMID 34509090. S2CID 237485915. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.018.

[16] [16]
Parr J. Autism. BMJ Clinical Evidence. January 2010, 2010. PMC 2907623 . PMID 21729335.

[Hong_Erickson_2019_pp._709–718-17] [17]
Hong MP, Erickson CA. Investigational drugs in early-stage clinical trials for autism spectrum disorder. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs (Informa UK Limited). August 2019, 28 (8): 709–718. PMID 31352835. S2CID 198967266. doi:10.1080/13543784.2019.1649656.

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