納-德內語系

納-德內語系（英語：Na-Dené languages），或作納-得內語系、納-達內語系或納-德內諸語言，都是指北美洲原住民的一個建議中的語系，主要分佈於加拿大西南部（包括西北地區、育空地區及其鄰近地域）和美國西北部（阿拉斯加州，加上俄勒岡州西南部和加利福尼亞州北部）。納-德內語系包含了現時的阿薩巴斯卡語系諸語言、埃雅克語、特林吉特語。

納-德內語系
地理分佈	北美洲
譜系學分類	德內-葉尼塞語門 (建議中) 納-德內語系
分支	阿薩巴斯卡-埃雅克語族 德內語支 埃雅克語 特林吉特語
ISO 639-5	xnd
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納-德內語系的建議在最初提出時，還包括海達語，但有關海達語與其他語言的關聯有爭議。在2008年3月，有語言學家發表一個建議，把納-德內語系與在西伯利亞通行的葉尼塞語系合併成為德內-葉尼塞語系，並確認海達語跟這個新語系內的成員並沒有關連。這個建議，得到相當數量的語言學家支持^[1]。

名稱

「納」（特林吉特語）和「德內」（阿薩巴斯卡語支）都是該語系一些語言對「人」的稱呼，「德內」的「內」與「納」同源。「德內」也是一種名為Dëne Sųłiné的阿薩巴斯卡語言。

參看

• 德內語支

附註

1. Dene-Yeniseic Symposium. [2008-07-30]. （原始內容存檔於2009-05-26）.

參考文獻

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• Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache, Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft 43–46, Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft, 1985 （德語）.
• Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation [The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification] 2nd revised, Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert, 2006a （德語）.
• Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache, Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2 Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang: Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen (Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert), 2006b.
• Rubicz, R.; Melvin, K. L.; Crawford, M. H., Genetic Evidence for the phylogenetic relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian speakers, Human Biology, 2002, 74 (6): 743–761, doi:10.1353/hub.2003.0011.
• Ruhlen, Merritt, The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994a, ISBN 0-471-58426-6.
• Ruhlen, Merritt, The Origin of the Na-Dene, PNAS, 1998, 95 (23): 13994–13996 [2015-08-09], PMC 25007 , PMID 9811914, doi:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994, （原始內容存檔於2020-05-19）.
• Sapir, Edward, The Na-Dene languages: A preliminary report, American Anthropologist, 1915, 17 (3): 534–558, doi:10.2307/660504.
• Thompson, Chad, The Na-Dene middle voice: An impersonal source of the D-element, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1996, 62 (4): 351–378, doi:10.1086/466304.
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外部連結

• 《民族語》：Language Family Trees - Na-Dene （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
• Table of contents and ordering information for The Dene–Yeniseian Connection.
• Alaska Native Language Center （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
• Athabaskan word comparison table （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
• Dené–Yeniseian / Na-Dené Swadesh lists （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） (incomplete)