巴斯瑪奇運動(俄語:Басмачество,羅馬化:Basmachestvo),正式稱呼為突厥斯坦解放組織[11],是以突厥人為主的穆斯林反對俄羅斯帝國和蘇聯在中亞統治的抵抗組織。巴斯瑪奇運動在第一次世界大戰期間1916年開始,由為反沙皇徵兵和反俄起義發展成一次長期的對蘇聯的內戰,由恩維爾·帕夏領導,直到1934年才漸漸平息。
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蘇聯方面的資料將其描述成一次伊斯蘭基本教義派,連同普通暴徒和烏合之眾以及伊斯蘭激進分子的叛亂運動。發動起義的叛軍被故意貶低稱為「Basmachi」,即烏孜別克語的「土匪」之意。蘇聯用這個詞來代表在俄國革命和1930年代之間中亞活躍的穆斯林敵人。[12]其他歷史學家認為,起義重要的基本力量是許多普通的農民和牧民,這些人民反對俄羅斯的文化帝國主義,更反對蘇聯的強硬政策和對糧食牲畜的徵收(戰時共產主義)。[來源請求]這類觀點同時也考慮到蘇聯當局對沙皇政權的殖民政治政策的延續。然而,穆斯林傳統主義和泛突厥主義也是起義的兩大重要組成部分,普通的匪幫也有參與。[來源請求]
這一運動一度耽擱了中亞民族進一步的界定工作,也讓布爾什維克當局越發忌憚當地的穆斯林勢力。同時也引起大批哈薩克族和吉爾吉斯族逃往中國。[13],對中亞地區接下來的民族劃界以及5個加盟共和國成立起到了重要影響。
In Union with him and Bey Madamin counter-revolutionary robber bands with July 10, 1919, to January 1920.
Supporters of Habibullah had fought in alliance with such films only in northern Afghanistan
Moscow's Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia, Michael Rywkin, page 35
Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR, By Bohdan Nahaylo,Victor Swoboda, p. 40, 1990.
Krivosheev, Grigori (Ed.), Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century, p. 43, London: Greenhill Books, 1997.
Uzbekistan, By Thomas R McCray, Charles F Gritzner, pg. 30, 2004, ISBN 1438105517.
Martha B. Olcott, The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan, 1918-24, 355.
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- Marie Broxup: The Basmachi. Central Asian Survey, Vol. 2 (1983), No. 1, pp. 57–81.
- Marco Buttino: "Ethnicité et politique dans la guerre civile: à propos du 'basmačestvo' au Fergana", 'Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique, Vol. 38, No. 1–2, (1997)
- Sir Olaf Caroe: Soviet Empire: The Turks of Central Asia and Stalinism 2nd ed., London, Macmillan (1967) ISBN 0-312-74795-0
- Joseph Castagné. Les Basmatchis: le mouvement national des indigènes d'Asie Centrale depuis la Révolution d'octobre 1917 jusqu'en octobre 1924. Paris: Éditions E. Leroux, 1925.
- Mustafa Chokay: "The Basmachi Movement in Turkestan", The Asiatic Review Vol.XXIV (1928)
- Pavel Gusterin: История Ибрагим-бека. Басмачество одного курбаши с его слов. — Саарбрюккен: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2014. — 60 с. — ISBN 978-3-659-13813-3.
- Б. В. Лунин: Басмачество Tashkent (1984)
- Glenda Fraser: "Basmachi (parts I and II)", Central Asian Survey, Vol. 6 (1987), No. 1, pp. 1–73, and No.2, pp. 7–42.
- Baymirza Hayit: Basmatschi. Nationaler Kampf Turkestans in den Jahren 1917 bis 1934. Köln, Dreisam-Verlag (1993)
- M. Holdsworth: "Soviet Central Asia, 1917–1940", Soviet Studies, Vol. 3 (1952), No. 3, pp. 258–277.
- Alexander Marshall: "Turkfront: Frunze and the Development of Soviet Counter-insurgency in Central Asia" in Tom Everett-Heath (Ed.) "Central Asia. Aspects of Transition", RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2003; ISBN 0-7007-0956-8 (cloth) ISBN 0-7007-0957-6 (pbk.)
- Яков Нальский: В горах Восточной Бухары. (Повесть по воспоминаниям сотрудников КГБ) Dushanbe (1984)
- Martha B. Olcott: "The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan 1918-24", Soviet Studies, Vol. 33 (1981), No. 3, pp. 352–369.
- Hasan B. Paksoy, "BASMACHI": Turkish National Liberation Movement 1916–1930s, (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) Modern Encyclopedia of Religions in Russia and the Soviet Union (FL: Academic International Press) 1991, Vol. 4, pp. 5–20.
- Zeki Velidi Togan, [1] (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) Memoirs.
- Fazal-ur-Rahim Khan Marwat: The Basmachi movement in Soviet Central Asia: A study in political development., Peshawar, Emjay Books International (1985)
- Prof. Zeki Velidi Togan, Memoirs: National Existence and Cultural Struggles of Turkistan and Other Muslim Eastern Turks (2011) Full Text translation from the 1969 original. Translated by Paksoy. [2] (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Х. Турсунов: Восстание 1916 Года в Средней Азии и Казахстане. Tashkent (1962)