女性主義理論

女性主義理論（英語：Feminist theory）是女性主義在理論與哲學範疇的延伸。它旨在理解性別不平等的本質。它在多個學術領域觀察女性的社會角色、經驗、利益和政治參與，比如人類學和社會學、傳播學、精神分析學^[1]、經濟學、文學、教育學、以及哲學。^[2]

女性主義理論注重分析性別不平等。女性主義探索的主題包括歧視、物化（尤其是性物化）、壓迫、父權^[3]^[4]、成見、美術史^[5]、當代藝術^[6]^[7]和美學。^[8]^[9]

女性主義的歷史

女性主義理論首秀於 1792 年的出版物，比如《改變世界的女人（英語：The Changing Woman）》^[10]、《我不是女人嗎？（英語：Ain't I a Woman）》^[11]、《因非法投票被捕後的演講（英語：Speech after Arrest for Illegal Voting）》^[12]等等。《改變世界的女人》是一個納瓦霍（美國最大的印第安部落）傳說，描述了一個造人的女神。^[13] 1851 年，索傑納·特魯思在她的演講《我不是女人嗎？》中談論了婦女權利的問題。索傑納·特魯思認爲女性的權利受限在於男性對女性的錯誤認識。她論述，如果有色女性可以完成之前被認爲只限於男性的工作，那麼任何膚色的女性都可以完成那些工作。1872 年，蘇珊·布朗奈爾·安東尼，在她被以「非法投票」名義逮捕後，於法庭上發表了討論憲法中用語問題的演講《因非法投票被捕後的演講》，詰問當局憲法的原則和其中的男性中心用語。她發問，爲何女性受法律的制裁，但不受法律的保護？（女性結婚後，無法投票、擁有財產，全不自主）。她還批評憲法的男性中心文本，並質問爲何女性要遵守沒有包含女性的法律。

南希·柯特劃下了當代女性主義和其前身（以女性投票權運動爲代表）的界線。她把美國女性主義的轉折點定爲 1920 年女性獲得投票權的前後 10 年。她論述，以前的婦女運動主要關注作爲整體的全體婦女，但近 20 年時間，它轉變爲主要關注社會差異，注重個體和多元化。新主題更加關注女性作爲一個社會結構的情況、性別認同和兩性之中以及之間的關係。以政治而言，這是女性主義的意識形態從偏右翼向實質左翼的轉變。^[14]

蘇珊·金思莉·肯特認爲弗洛伊德的父權理論導致了兩次世界大戰之間女性主義的式微^[15]，而另有人如茱麗葉·米歇爾則認爲這種指責過於草率，因爲弗洛伊德理論並不完全排斥女性主義。^[16] 一些女性主義學者從確定家庭的起源的需求，轉而分析父權的形成。^[17]

引用參考

[1]
Chodorow, Nancy J., Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory (Yale University Press: 1989, 1991)
[2]
Brabeck, M. and Brown, L. (with Christian, L., Espin, O., Hare-Mustin, R., Kaplan, A., Kaschak, E., Miller, D., Phillips, E., Ferns, T., and Van Ormer, A.) 'Feminist theory and psychological practice', in J. Worell and N. Johnson (eds.) Shaping the future of feminist psychology: Education, research, and practice (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1997), pp.15-35
[3]
Gilligan, Carol, 'In a Different Voice: Women's Conceptions of Self and Morality' in Harvard Educational Review (1977)
[4]
Lerman, Hannah, Feminist Ethics in Psychotherapy (Springer Publishing Company, 1990) ISBN 978-0-8261-6290-8
[5]
Pollock, Griselda. Looking Back to the Future: Essays on Art, Life and Death. G&B Arts. 2001. ISBN 90-5701-132-8
[6]
de Zegher, Catherine. Inside the Visible. Massachusetts: MIT Press 1996
[7]
Armstrong, Carol and de Zegher, Catherine. Women Artists at the Millennium. Massachusetts: October Books / MIT Press 2006. ISBN 0-262-01226-X
[8]
Arnold, Dana and Iverson, Margaret (Eds.). Art and Thought. Blackwell. 2003. ISBN 0-631-22715-6
[9]
Florence, Penny and Foster, Nicola. Differential Aesthetics. Ashgate. 2000. ISBN 0-7546-1493-X
[10]
「The Changing Woman」 (Navajo Origin Myth). Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd Ed. Edited by Kolmar, Wendy and Bartowski, Frances. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 64.
[11]
Truth, Sojourner. 「Ain’t I a Woman」. Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd Ed. Edited by Kolmar, Wendy and Bartowski, Frances. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 79.
[12]
Anthony, Susan B. 「Speech After Arrest for Illegal Voting」. Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd Ed. Edited by Kolmar, Wendy and Bartowski, Frances. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 91-95.
[13]
存档副本. [2014-06-01]. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-17）.
[14]
Cott, Nancy F. The Grounding of Modern Feminism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987
[15]
Kent, Susan Kingsley. Making Peace: The Reconstruction of Gender in Interwar Britain. Princeton, N.J. 1993
[16]
Mitchell, Juliet. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: Freud, Reich, Laing, and Women. New York 1975
[17]
Stocking, George W. Jr. After Tylor: British Social Anthropology, 1888–1951. Madison, Wisconsin 1995

參考書籍

「Lexicon of Debates」. Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd Ed. Edited by Kolmar, Wendy and Bartowski, Frances. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 42-60.

外部連結

Evolutionary Feminism （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Feminist theory website (Center for Digital Discourse and Culture, Virginia Tech)
Feminist Theories and Anthropology（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） by Heidi Armbruster
[1]（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） The Radical Women Manifesto: Socialist Feminist Theory, Program and Organizational Structure (Seattle: Red Letter Press, 2001)
Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Brown University
Feminist Theory Papers（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Brown University
The Feminist eZine（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） - An Archive of Historical Feminist Articles
[2] Women, Poverty, and Economics- Facts and Figures

[Chodorow1989-1] [1]
Chodorow, Nancy J., Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory (Yale University Press: 1989, 1991)

[Brabeck&Brown-2] [2]
Brabeck, M. and Brown, L. (with Christian, L., Espin, O., Hare-Mustin, R., Kaplan, A., Kaschak, E., Miller, D., Phillips, E., Ferns, T., and Van Ormer, A.) 'Feminist theory and psychological practice', in J. Worell and N. Johnson (eds.) Shaping the future of feminist psychology: Education, research, and practice (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1997), pp.15-35

[gilligan1977-3] [3]
Gilligan, Carol, 'In a Different Voice: Women's Conceptions of Self and Morality' in Harvard Educational Review (1977)

[Lerman1990-4] [4]
Lerman, Hannah, Feminist Ethics in Psychotherapy (Springer Publishing Company, 1990) ISBN 978-0-8261-6290-8

[5] [5]
Pollock, Griselda. Looking Back to the Future: Essays on Art, Life and Death. G&B Arts. 2001. ISBN 90-5701-132-8

[6] [6]
de Zegher, Catherine. Inside the Visible. Massachusetts: MIT Press 1996

[7] [7]
Armstrong, Carol and de Zegher, Catherine. Women Artists at the Millennium. Massachusetts: October Books / MIT Press 2006. ISBN 0-262-01226-X

[8] [8]
Arnold, Dana and Iverson, Margaret (Eds.). Art and Thought. Blackwell. 2003. ISBN 0-631-22715-6

[9] [9]
Florence, Penny and Foster, Nicola. Differential Aesthetics. Ashgate. 2000. ISBN 0-7546-1493-X

[10] [10]
「The Changing Woman」 (Navajo Origin Myth). Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd Ed. Edited by Kolmar, Wendy and Bartowski, Frances. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 64.

[11] [11]
Truth, Sojourner. 「Ain’t I a Woman」. Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd Ed. Edited by Kolmar, Wendy and Bartowski, Frances. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 79.

[12] [12]
Anthony, Susan B. 「Speech After Arrest for Illegal Voting」. Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd Ed. Edited by Kolmar, Wendy and Bartowski, Frances. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 91-95.

[13] [13]
存档副本. [2014-06-01]. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-17）.

[14] [14]
Cott, Nancy F. The Grounding of Modern Feminism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987

[15] [15]
Kent, Susan Kingsley. Making Peace: The Reconstruction of Gender in Interwar Britain. Princeton, N.J. 1993

[16] [16]
Mitchell, Juliet. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: Freud, Reich, Laing, and Women. New York 1975

[17] [17]
Stocking, George W. Jr. After Tylor: British Social Anthropology, 1888–1951. Madison, Wisconsin 1995

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