仙台病毒

仙台病毒（Sendai virus，簡稱SeV）又稱鼠呼吸道病毒（murine respirovirus）、鼠副流感病毒一型（murine parainfluenza virus type 1）與日本凝血性病毒（hemagglutinating virus of Japan，HVJ），為副黏液病毒科呼吸道病毒屬的一種病毒^[2][3]，屬負鏈單股RNA病毒（英語：Negative-strand RNA virus）^[4][5]，以鼠類為宿主^[6]（也有感染狨的紀錄）^[7]，不會感染人類與家畜。此病毒於1950年代在日本仙台市被發現，後來被用做病毒學研究的一種模式病毒。

仙台病毒
病毒分類
（未分級）：	病毒 Virus
域：	核糖病毒域 Riboviria
界：	正核糖病毒界 Orthornavirae
門：	負核糖病毒門 Negarnaviricota
綱：	單荊病毒綱 Monjiviricetes
目：	單股反鏈病毒目 Mononegavirales
科：	副黏液病毒科 Paramyxoviridae
屬：	呼吸道病毒屬 Respirovirus
種：	仙台病毒 Murine respirovirus
異名
Sendai virus[1]

病毒學

仙台病毒結構示意圖

仙台病毒具有包膜，包膜上具有血凝素-神經胺酸酶（英語：Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase）（HN）蛋白與融合蛋白（fusion protein，FN），前者兼具血球凝集素與神經胺酸酶的活性，可與宿主細胞結合並水解其表面的唾液酸以幫助感染^[8][9]；後者也是病毒感染宿主細胞所需的醣蛋白^[10]。包膜內側的基質蛋白（M）有穩定包膜結構的功能^[11]。病毒的核殼由基因組RNA與核殼蛋白（NP）^[12]、磷蛋白（P）^[13]、大蛋白（L）^[14]及C蛋白組成^[15]，其中大蛋白為病毒RNA複製酶的活性亞基，磷蛋白亦為RNA複製酶的組成部分。

基因組

仙台病毒的基因組與表現的的蛋白

仙台病毒的基因組為不分段的負鏈單股RNA，長約15,384nt，5′非轉譯區與3′非轉譯區分別長約50nt^[5][16]，共有6個編碼蛋白的基因，分別編碼核殼蛋白（NP）、磷蛋白（P）、基質蛋白（M）、融合蛋白（F）、血凝素-神經胺酸酶（HN）與大蛋白（L），基因排序為3′-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5′^[5][16]。

編碼P蛋白的基因可以不同的開放閱讀框編碼其他蛋白質^[5][17]，此基因有5個起始密碼子，除編碼P蛋白外另外4個起始密碼子可編碼C、C'、Y1與Y2等4種蛋白（其中P、C、C'蛋白的開放閱讀框不同是滲漏掃描所致，Y1與Y2蛋白則是在轉譯起始時發生核糖體分流^[18][19]）^[17][20][21]，此外P蛋白的信使核糖核酸轉錄時可能經RNA編輯而加入1或2個G而分別產生V蛋白與W蛋白^[22]，且其mRNA的末端可獨立轉譯出另一X蛋白^[23]。這些由P蛋白基因衍生的蛋白皆為非結構蛋白，有協助感染宿主細胞、抑制宿主免疫反應等功能^[22]，其中C蛋白會少量表現於病毒的核殼上^[15][24]。

應用

仙台病毒感染會使真核細胞融合成合胞體，因而被用於雜交瘤技術（英語：Hybridoma technology）以量產單株抗體^[25]。另外仙台病毒還在細胞實驗中被用作載體，將目標基因轉至細胞中，已被用於細胞螢光染色^[26]、製造誘導性多能幹細胞（iPSC）^[27][28]與CRISPR^[29]等技術，也可用於製作疫苗，目前已有研究團隊開發針對副流感病毒一型（英語：Human parainfluenza virus 1）（HPV1）^[30][31]、人類免疫缺乏病毒^[32]、人類呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）^[33][34]、結核病^[35][36]與SARS-CoV-2（復旦大學團隊）^[37]的仙台病毒載體疫苗。

研究歷史

1952年，仙台市東北大學的研究人員M. Kuroya與石田名香雄（日語：石田名香雄）嘗試從一名患肺炎逝世的嬰兒肺樣本中分離病原，將分離的病原轉至小鼠中^[38][39]。但1954年國立保健醫療科學院（日語：國立保健醫療科學院）的學者提出另一假說，認為實驗中使用的小鼠可能原本即感染病毒，而非來自病人樣本，並將此病毒分離、命名為仙台病毒^[40]，此理論後來受到許多實驗結果支持^[5]，因此歷史緣由，仙台病毒曾一度被認為是感染人類的病毒^[41][42]。另外因1950年代日本豬流感疫情中，許多豬隻體內被發現有抗仙台病毒的抗體，過去還認為仙台病毒可感染豬，但後續研究顯示這些豬隻應為被豬副流感病毒（porcine parainfluenza）等其他類似病毒感染^[30][41][43]。

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