烏鴉座

烏鴉座
Corvus
星座
	烏鴉座恆星列表
縮寫	Crv
所有格	Corvi
象徵物	烏鴉
赤經	12h
赤緯	−20°
面積	184平方度 (第70)
主要恆星	4
拜耳/佛氏; 恆星	10
有行星的恆星	3
亮度3m以上的恆星	3
距離在10秒差距（32.62光年）內的恆星	1
最亮星	軫宿一 (2.59m)
最近的恆星	羅斯695; (28.99 ly, 8.89 pc)
梅西爾天體	0
流星雨	烏鴉座流星雨; 左轄流星雨
鄰接星座	室女座; 巨爵座; 長蛇座
	可以看見的緯度範圍： +60°至−90°之間; 最適合觀賞的月份：五月

烏鴉座是南天小星座，屬公元二世紀天文學家克勞狄烏斯·托勒密劃定的48個星座，拉丁語原名「Corvus」意指烏鴉。希臘神話中烏鴉座的傳說都與天神太陽神有關。烏鴉座最亮的四顆恆星分別是軫宿一、軫宿三、軫宿二、軫宿四，在夜空構成顯著的四邊形。

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2.59視星等的軫宿一是烏鴉座最亮恆星，是約四倍太陽質量的衰老藍巨星。歷史短暫的左轄已有兩個岩屑盤，三個恆星系有系外行星，可能還存在行星系但有待確認。烏鴉座TV是矮新星，由距離非常近的白矮星和棕矮星組成。

公元前至少1100年的巴比倫星表就把今烏鴉座範圍恆星稱為烏鴉（MUL.UGA.MUSHEN）。現代人更熟悉的古典天文學把烏鴉座放在蛇（九頭蛇）尾處。巴比倫人用烏鴉座代表雨和風暴之神阿達德，進入第二個千年後會在秋天的雨季前夕上升。英國科學家約翰·羅傑斯（John H. Rogers）認為，長蛇座在古巴倫規範星表《綱要》代表冥界之神寧吉茲濟達（𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕）。他推斷長蛇座旁邊的巨爵座與烏鴉座都象徵死亡，代表冥界之門。^[1]烏鴉座、巨爵座、天鷹座和南魚座均在公元前500前左右傳入希臘，分別代表冬至與夏至。此外，跨越全部天球赤道的長蛇座在古代還用作地標。^[2]密特拉教的符號和標誌里也有巨爵座與烏鴉座，估計該教源於中東，後傳入古希臘和羅馬^[3]。

拉皮斯人傳言太陽神的情侶科洛尼斯偷人，太陽神從純白色的烏鴉口中得知後憤怒不已，把烏鴉的毛全變成黑色。還有說法稱太陽神派手下烏鴉去取水，但烏鴉在路上發現無花果後等待果實成熟再吃掉，因此延誤行程。烏鴉用杯取水後順便帶回水蛇，謊稱是水蛇喝掉水導致延誤。太陽神看出烏鴉的欺騙，憤怒之下把杯子、蛇和烏鴉都朝天上一扔，分別變成巨爵座、長蛇座和烏鴉座，所在位置正好確保烏鴉沒法兒從杯里喝水，以此警告不要得罪神明。^[4]

烏鴉座恆星在中國古代天文學屬南方朱雀^[5]，四顆主要恆星構成二十八宿的軫宿星官軫，意為天車，右轄與左轄代表車輪支撐，長沙代表棺材^[6]。印度天文學用烏鴉座五顆主要恆星代表二十七宿之十三訶莎多的手或拳頭^[7]。

眾多波利尼西亞文化把烏鴉座恆星劃為星座。馬克薩斯群島把星座稱為「米」（Mee），普卡普卡島稱為「蒂瑪努」（Te Manu），社會群島稱為「梅圖艾帕帕」（Metua-ai-papa）。^[8]。托雷斯海峽島民把烏鴉座視為代表漁民的右手，組成巨大的「塔改座」（Tagai）^[9]。

巴西中部馬托格羅索州的波洛洛人把烏鴉座恆星看作陸龜「格里龜龜」（Geriguigui）^[10]，西北亞馬遜地區的圖坎諾人視為白鷺^[11]。巴西聖路易斯島的圖皮人可能把烏鴉座星空視為用來烤魚的烤架或烤爐，飛馬座也可能代表烤架或烤爐^[12]。

烏鴉座覆蓋184平方度夜空，佔0.446%，在88個現代星座排第70^[13]。星座北面和東面與室女座相鄰，南埃長蛇座，西靠巨爵座。1922年，國際天文聯會確定以三字母縮寫「Crv」代表烏鴉座。^[14]。比利時天文學家尤金·德爾波特1930年正式劃分星座邊界^{[注 1]}，烏鴉座呈六條邊組成的多邊形（見文首信息框）。星座在赤道坐標系統的赤經位於11^h 56^m 22^s至12^h 56^m 40^s範圍，赤緯在−11.68°到−25.20°之間。^[16]。星座位於南天球，北緯65度線以南才能看到完整星座^[13]^{[注 2]}。

恆星

德國天體製圖師約翰·拜耳用希臘字母Α至Η為烏鴉座大部分亮星命名。約翰·佛蘭斯蒂德為九顆星體命名，但他劃入旁邊巨爵座的HD 104337在1930年確定星座邊界後納入烏鴉座，即烏鴉座31。^[17]烏鴉座共有29顆恆星亮度不低於6.5視星等^{[注 3]}^[13]。

烏鴉座亮星軫宿三、軫宿一、軫宿二、軫宿四組成人稱「角宿一後桅縱帆」^[19]或「船帆」的四邊形星群^[20]^[21]。四顆恆星亮度都算不上出類拔萃，但因所在位置比較黯淡，星群在夜空很容易識別^[22]。軫宿一與軫宿三指向角宿一，其中2.59視星等的軫宿一是烏鴉座最亮恆星^[23]。該星又名「吉恩納」（Gienah），意指「翼」^[23]，在拜爾《測天圖》上代表烏鴉的左翼^[17]。軫宿一離地154±1光年^[24]，是光譜等級B8III的藍白巨星，擁有7000420000000000000♠4.2+0.4
−0.3倍太陽質量^[25]，355倍太陽光度^[23]。該星已有約7000160000000000000♠1.6+0.4
−0.3億年歷史^[25]，核心的氫基本耗盡並開始膨脹和冷卻，脫離主序星階段^[23]。軫宿一是聯星，伴星是橙矮星或紅矮星，光譜等級K5V至M5V，質量約為太陽八成^[26]。主星和伴星相隔約50天文單位^{[注 4]}，估計伴星圍繞主星的公轉週期是158年^[25]。軫宿三是小型業餘望遠鏡便能區分的雙星，2.9視星等的藍白色主星距地球約87光年^[24]，約有2.7倍太陽質量，表面溫度1.04萬開爾文但光度達太陽65到70倍，估計該星要麼是僅320萬年歷史的年輕主序星，尚未進入穩定的主序星階段；要麼是2.6億年歷史的衰老星體，開始耗盡核心含氫並膨脹和冷卻，擺脫主序星階段的同時輻射光度更強。星體光譜A0IV，與第二種情況相符。^[27]軫宿三一號伴星周圍發現溫暖的星周塵，天文學通常把星周塵納入恆星系^[28]。二號伴星光譜K，是8.51視星等的橙矮星，周圍也有星周塵。該星是後金牛T星，距主星至少650天文單位，公轉週期至少9400年^[29]。軫宿三又名「阿爾戈拉布」（Algorab），意為「烏鴉」^[4]，與另一顆星代表烏鴉的右翼^[17]。聯星斯特魯維1669位於軫宿三東北4.5度，由相距5.4弧秒的兩顆白色星體組成，可用小型業餘望遠鏡分辨^[30]。聯星離地280光年，合併視星等5.2（肉眼可見），其中主星5.9視星等，從星6.0視星等^[4]。

2.7視星等的軫宿四又名「克拉茲」（Kraz^[31]^[17]），位於烏鴉胸口，離地146±1光年^[24]，約有2.06億年歷史和3.7±1倍太陽質量，耗盡核心含氫後膨脹並冷卻至表面溫度5100開爾文，如今是光譜等級G5II的黃亮巨星^[32]。估計軫宿四至今大部分時間是光譜等級B7V的藍白主序星^[33]。代表烏鴉鼻孔位置的軫宿二又名「明卡爾」（Minkar），離地約318±5光年^[24]，是光譜等級K2III的紅巨星，約有54倍太陽半徑和930倍太陽光度^[34]。該星質量約為太陽四倍，成型後大部分時間是光譜等級B5V的主序星^[35]。光譜等級K1III的橙色衰老恆星軫宿增五位於四邊形星群以南、軫宿二與軫宿四之間^[22]，光度約為太陽70倍^[36]，距地球331±10光年^[24]。

光譜等級F1V的四等白色恆星右轄又名阿爾奇巴（Alchiba），離地48.7±0.1光年^[24]。該星光譜以三天為週期變化，要麼是光譜聯星，但更可能是劍魚座γ型變星，如果確是後者，估計星體質量約為太陽1.39倍^[37]。拜爾星圖把右轄標在烏鴉的喙上方^[17]。

除軫宿三外，光譜等級F2V的黃白主序星左轄也代表烏鴉右翼^[17]，質量為太陽1.52倍，光度4.87倍，距太陽系約59光年^[38]。該星有兩道岩屑盤環繞，其一相隔不到3.5天文單位，內部溫度較高；其二相隔約150天文單位^[39]^[40]5.21視星等的藍白Be星長沙代表烏鴉頸部^[17]，與星體HR 4691相距七弧秒^[41]，距地球420±10光年^[24]，光譜等級B8V。光譜中的氫發射線表明該星有星周盤，可能是光學雙星或多顆恆星組成的小星系，與主星相隔至少五萬天文單位，公轉週期至少350萬年。HR 4691也是雙星，主星是光譜等級K0或G3的衰老黃巨星，從星是F型主序星。^[41]

佛蘭斯蒂德曾把5.26視星等的HD 104337劃入巨爵座，人類一度以為它是水星的衛星。1974年3月27日，水手10號發現該星發射的遠紫外線，表明星體屬衛星，但後來發現是由恆星發出。^[42]^[43]如今科學家已確定HD 104337是遙遠的聯星系，主星是光譜等級B1.5V的熾熱藍白星，對伴星暫不了解。兩星以2.9631天軌道週期圍繞彼此旋轉，主星可能是畢宿星團的藍掉隊星^[44]，約有15.5倍太陽質量，光度更達52262倍^[45]。

HD 110317又稱烏鴉座VV，是間隔很小的光譜聯星，圍繞彼此旋轉的軌道週期僅1.46天^[46]。兩者都是光譜等級F5V的黃白主序星，其中主星的主序星階段即將結束，開始膨脹和冷卻^[47]。兩星質量比0.775±0.024^[48]，2微米全天巡天在內部發現第三顆星體^[49]。烏鴉座W是亮度以九小時週期在11.16到12.5視星等變動的食雙星^[50]，過去100年變動週期共延長一秒。兩星距離很近，但表面溫度差異很大，沒有像科學家預料的那樣發生熱傳遞^[51]。烏鴉座SX不但是食雙星，還是相互接觸的大熊座W型變星，兩星距離太近令質量相互轉移，此時從星已經可以視為主星的質量組成^[52]。烏雅座RV也是食雙星，視星等以18小時週期在8.6至9.16變化^[53]。兩星光譜等級分別是F0和G0，圍繞彼此旋轉的軌道週期只有0.7473天^[54]。

長週期芻藁變星烏鴉座R與軫宿一在同一片雙筒望遠鏡視野^[55]，亮度以約317天週期在6.7至14.4視星等閃爍^[56]。烏鴉座TT是光譜等級M3III的紅巨星和半規則變星，亮度6.48視星等，距地球約923光年^[57]，光度約太陽993倍^[36]。南十字座TU又稱烏鴉座TU，屬矮造父變星，這類星體脈衝週期很短（不超六小時），常用於星震學研究和宇宙距離尺度^[58]。該星亮度變化週期僅59分鐘，變化幅度0.25視星等，均值6.53視星等^[59]。

烏鴉座已有三個恆星系發現行星。7.12視星等的黃白主序星HD 103774還很年輕，離地181±5光年，質量為太陽1.335±0.03倍，光度3.5±0.3倍。徑向速度變化表明2013年該星有類似海王星尺寸的行星環繞，公轉週期僅5.9天。^[60]HD 104067是光譜等級K2V、7.93視星等的橙矮星，距地球69±1光年，約有八成太陽質量，由約3.6倍木星質量的行星環繞，公轉週期55.8天^[61]。WASP-83的行星質量接近土星，軌道週期僅五天，是在2015年經過恆星期間發現^[62]。此外，光譜等級G5V、距地球101±2光年的類太陽恆星HD 111031可能也有行星，但尚待確認^[24]。

離地28.9±0.6光年的紅矮星羅斯695僅11.27視星等^[24]，肉眼無法觀測，質量和半徑約為太陽兩成三，光度僅千分之七^[63]。VHS 1256-1257是41±3光年外的棕矮星，光譜等級M7.5，質量約為木星73倍，接近棕矮星與恆星的質量臨界點。2015年2微米全天巡天計劃首度發現該星有相隔102±9天文單位的伴星，估計質量為木星11倍。^[64]DENIS-P J1228.2-1547由兩顆相互圍繞旋轉的棕矮星組成，離地73±3光年^[65]。烏鴉座TV是白矮星和棕矮星組成的矮新星，相互旋轉的軌道週期僅90分鐘^[66]^[67]，基準亮度17視星等，爆發時增至12視星等，克萊德·湯博1931年發現，大衛·李維1931和2005年發現^[68]。

深空天體

烏鴉座沒有梅西爾天體，有可用業餘望遠鏡觀察的行星狀星雲，如星座中心10.3視星等的NGC 4361^[69]，形似小型橢圓星系，只不過從中心的13等星就能看出它是行星狀星雲^[55]。

NGC 4038星系群是跨越烏鴉座和巨爵座的星系群，包含13到27個星系，其中以HD 104337北側的觸鬚星系最有名^[70]。觸鬚星係由交互作用星系NGC 4038和NGC 4039組成，從地球來看類似心型。「觸鬚」意指兩星系巨大的潮汐尾，由兩個螺旋星系本身旋轉形成。觸鬚星系正因星雲間的相互作用大量形成恆星。兩星系離地4500萬光年，均有眾多來歷不明的超光X射線源，天文學家估計源自罕見的X射線聯星或中等質量黑洞。^[71]觸鬚星系在望遠鏡下呈十等星亮度^[4]。SN 2004gt是2004年12月12日爆發的Ic超新星，科學家未能在觸鬚星系過去的影像發現該星，估計要麼是40倍太陽質量的WC型沃爾夫–拉葉星，要麼是20到40倍太陽質量的恆星組成聯星系^[72]。SN 2007sr是地球觀測亮度在2007年12月14日達到巔峰的Ia超新星^[73]。觸鬚星系可能還會爆發超新星，適合拍攝高解析圖像^[72]。

NGC 4027同屬NGC 4038星系群，以極長的螺旋臂聞名，距HD 104337很近^[70]。NGC 4027是棒旋星系，不規則的形狀估計是與附近的NGC 4027A相撞所致。烏鴉座東北部的橢圓星系NGC 4782與NGC 4783正在合併，離地約兩億光年。^[68]

流星雨

兩場流星雨源自烏鴉座範圍。德國天文學家庫諾·霍夫邁斯特（Cuno Hoffmeister）1937年發現6月25日持續到7月2日的烏鴉座流星雨並命名。但此後數十年都沒有觀測紀錄，檢查過去的文獻也沒有證據表明流星雨存在。霍夫邁斯特指出，流星雨軌跡與坦普爾-斯威夫特-林尼爾彗星類似，但尚無其他天文學家證實。目前這場流星雨和小行星4015關聯。^[74]2013年1月，MO視頻流星網發現左轄流星雨，包含1月20至26日的約300顆流星^[75]。同年的數據分析證實這場流星雨存在^[76]。

1624年，德國天文學家雅各布·巴奇（Jakob Bartsch）把南船座比作挪亞方舟，把烏鴉座、天鴿座與《創世紀》大洪水神話里的烏鴉和鴿子相連^[77]。

天體物理學家奈爾·德葛拉司·泰森亮相2012年11月7日出版的2013年1月號第14期《動作漫畫》，宣稱超人的故鄉氪星就在烏鴉座，圍繞離地27.1光年的紅矮星LHS 2520旋轉。泰森與DC漫畫合作選擇現實生活中的恆星充當氪星的適當母星，最後選中烏鴉座的LHS 2520^[78]^[79]，烏鴉還是超人所念斯莫維爾（Smallville）高中的吉祥物^[80]。

[注 1]
德爾波特向國際天文聯會提議規範星座邊界，聯會同意由他主導^[15]。
[注 2]
技術上來說北緯65到78度間也能看到部分烏鴉座，但只高於地平線幾度的恆星無論通過何等手段都無法觀測^[13]。
[注 3]
6.5視星等是肉眼在城鄉結合位置理想夜空條件下能看到的光線最微弱天體^[18]。
[注 4]
天文單位即地球與太陽的間距。

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[16] [注 1]
德爾波特向國際天文聯會提議規範星座邊界，聯會同意由他主導^[15]。

[18] [注 2]
技術上來說北緯65到78度間也能看到部分烏鴉座，但只高於地平線幾度的恆星無論通過何等手段都無法觀測^[13]。

[21] [注 3]
6.5視星等是肉眼在城鄉結合位置理想夜空條件下能看到的光線最微弱天體^[18]。

[30] [注 4]
天文單位即地球與太陽的間距。

[rogers1-1] [1]
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Rogers, John H. Origins of the ancient constellations: II. The Mediterranean traditions. Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 1998, 108: 79–89. Bibcode:1998JBAA..108...79R.

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