占士主義

占士主義（英語：Jacobitism），又譯占士派、占士黨，是指支持斯圖亞特王朝君主占士二世及其後代奪回英國皇位的一個政治、軍事團體，成員多為天主教徒^[1]^[2]。

起源

1688年，英格蘭發生光榮革命，占士二世被推翻，其女兒瑪麗二世及其信奉新教的丈夫荷蘭執政奧蘭治的威廉被擁立為同朝國王。占士二世逃亡法國後，即致力於爭取法國和西班牙支持其奪回英國皇位。在愛爾蘭和蘇格蘭（尤其是高地地區），占士黨擁有廣泛的支持，在英格蘭和威爾斯，也有少數人支持占士黨，特別是在北部。許多占士黨人認為英國國會廢黜占士二世是不合法的，他們還希望占士復辟後可以幫助他們擺脫宗教上的受歧視地位。蘇格蘭當地的許多貴族面臨着英格蘭的壓力，為維護傳統的氏族制度，他們團結在占士黨的旗幟下，進行了可歌可泣的鬥爭。

占士黨的徽章是約克家族的白玫瑰，紀念日是6月10日——占士二世之子占士·法蘭西斯·愛德華·斯圖亞特（老皇位覬覦者）的生日。

家族

戰鬥

愛爾蘭

1689年3月12日，占士二世在法國的支持下在效忠於他的愛爾蘭登陸。自從1688年底開始，愛爾蘭總督就已經開始率軍圍攻新教據點倫敦德里。愛爾蘭國會也宣佈英格蘭國會對占士二世的廢黜在愛爾蘭境內無效。

但是，不久威廉的援軍到達愛爾蘭，8月，倫敦德里解圍。不久之後，威廉的軍隊控制了大部分烏爾斯特地區。次年，威廉軍隊在博因河戰役中突襲占士黨軍隊成功。雖然占士黨的軍事力量並未受到大的傷害，驚慌失措的占士二世還是立即撤往法國，將其軍隊留在愛爾蘭任其自生自滅。1691年10月，占士黨軍隊被迫向威廉的軍隊投降，後得以全軍撤往法國，被法軍收編為其「愛爾蘭旅」。

在此後的一個世紀中，占士黨仍然在愛爾蘭的政治生活中具有影響，但是再也沒能組織起軍事反抗活動。

蘇格蘭

登地起義

老皇位覬覦者的行動

小皇位覬覦者的行動

衰落

1745年的行動失敗後，查理斯·愛德華·斯圖亞特仍然設法逃回法國。但是，隨着英、法兩國開始和談，查理斯在法國的存在便成了法國需要擺脫的包袱。查理斯拒不服從法國要求其離境的命令，仍然在法國境內鼓吹對英國開戰。1748年，查理斯被法國政府逮捕後強行遞解出境。

其後，查理斯繼續籌劃在英格蘭進行秘密活動，為此，他轉而尋求普魯士的協助。當普魯士拒絕其要求後，英格蘭的占士黨人開始動搖。查理斯的計劃接連被英國政府破獲，這使他本人開始心灰意懶。1754年，查理斯在一次醉酒後威脅要說出潛藏在英格蘭的占士黨人以懲罰他們的「叛變」，此後，英格蘭的占士黨人徹底放棄了對其事業的資助。

1766年，占士·法蘭西斯·愛德華·斯圖亞特去世，教皇拒絕承認查理斯·愛德華·斯圖亞特為正統的英皇，於是占士黨失去了最基本的支持。1788年，蘇格蘭天主教會最終承認漢諾威王朝國王為其君主，並為其祈禱。為了切斷占士黨最後的軍事支持，英國政府頒佈了一系列的法令，消滅了蘇格蘭高地的氏族制度。

1788年，查理斯去世，其弟亨利·斯圖亞特被擁立為「英皇亨利九世」，當亨利於1807年去世後，占士黨將繼承權先後傳給薩伏依國王、哈布斯堡-洛林王朝和巴伐利亞大公（均為查理一世幼女亨里埃塔·安妮的後代），但是沒有人再堅持自己對英國皇位的繼承權。

參考文獻

[1]
Jacobites and the Union. The Making of the Union. BBC. [18 August 2020]. （原始內容存檔於27 June 2020）.
[2]
The Jacobite Revolts: Chronology. Historic UK. [18 August 2020]. （原始內容存檔於23 August 2020）.

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[1] [1]
Jacobites and the Union. The Making of the Union. BBC. [18 August 2020]. （原始內容存檔於27 June 2020）.

[2] [2]
The Jacobite Revolts: Chronology. Historic UK. [18 August 2020]. （原始內容存檔於23 August 2020）.

[1]

[2]