古杯蛇屬

古杯蛇屬; 化石時期：白堊紀 - 始新世, 70.6–33.9 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	古杯蛇（P. maghrebianus）的脊椎骨化石，發現於摩洛哥胡里卜蓋
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	爬蟲綱 Reptilia
目：	有鱗目 Squamata
亞目：	蛇亞目 Serpentes
科：	†古杯蛇科 Palaeophiidae
亞科：	†古杯蛇亞科 Palaeopheinae
屬：	†古杯蛇屬 Palaeophis; Owen, 1841
模式種
	†Palaeophis toliapicus; Owen, 1841
種
	種 †Palaeophis africanus Andrews 1924 ; †Palaeophis casei Holman 1982 ; †Palaeophis colossaeus Rage 1983 ; †Palaeophis ferganicus Averianov 1997 ; †Palaeophis grandis Marsh 1869 ; †Palaeophis halidanus Cope 1868 ; †Palaeophis littoralis Cope 1847 ; †Palaeophis maghrebianus Arambourg 1952 ; †Palaeophis nessovi Averianov 1997 ; †Palaeophis tamdy Averianov 1997 ; †Palaeophis toliapicus Owen 1841(type) ; †Palaeophis typhaeus Owen 1850 ; †Palaeophis vastaniensis Bajpai & Head 2008 ; †Palaeophis virginianus Lynn 1934 ;

古杯蛇屬（學名：Palaeophis）為古杯蛇科（英語：Palaeophiidae）的已滅絕模式屬，為水生或半水生的海蛇。生存年代為白堊紀至始新世時期（約7,060~3,390萬年前）^[1]，化石發現於英國、法國、丹麥^[2]、摩洛哥^[3]、馬利^[4]、美國馬里蘭州、維吉尼亞州（始新世早期的納傑莫利組）^[5]、喬治亞州^[6]及密西西比州^[7]。

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描述

古杯蛇屬物種的體型差異極大，體型最小的Palaeophis casei身長僅1.3米（4.3英尺），而Palaeophis colossaeus，雖然目前僅發現個別的脊椎骨，是本屬體型最大的物種，體長可超過9米（29.5英尺）^[4]，為目前已知體型最大的蛇之一。不過大部分的古杯蛇屬物種都沒有這麼巨大的體型^[8]^[9]。

生物學

古杯蛇主要發現於海洋與河口地層，推測為水生動物^[7]，不同種的古杯蛇可能佔據有不同的生態位。

研究顯示古杯蛇的脊椎骨具有大量的血管分佈，代表牠們具有較現代蛇更高的代謝率及生長速率。且代表古杯蛇和其他海生爬蟲類（例如滄龍）一樣呈內溫性^[3]。

參考文獻

[1]
Fossilworks. [2021-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-28）.
[2]
Kristensen, Hans Viborg; Cuny, Gilles; Rasmussen, Arne Redsted; Madsen, Henrik. Earliest record of the fossil snake Palaeophis from the Paleocene/Eocene boundary in Denmark. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 2012-12-01, 183 (6) [2022-11-23]. ISSN 1777-5817. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.621. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-23）（英語）.
[3]
Houssaye, Alexandra; Rage, Jean-Claude; Bardet, Nathalie; Vincent, Peggy; Amaghzaz, Mbarek; Meslouh, Said. New highlights about the enigmatic marine snake Palaeophis maghrebianus (Palaeophiidae; Palaeophiinae) from the Ypresian (Lower Eocene) phosphates of Morocco: NEW HIGHLIGHTS ABOUT PALAEOPHIS MAGHREBIANUS. Palaeontology. 2013-05, 56 (3) [2022-11-23]. doi:10.1111/pala.12008. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-01）（英語）.
[4]
RAGE, JC; RAPP, PIVETEAU J. PALAEOPHIS COLOSSAEUS NOV. SP. (LE PLUS GRAND SERPENT CONNU.) DE L'EOCENE DU MALI ET LE PROBLEME DU GENRE CHEZ LES PALAEOPHEINAE. PALAEOPHIS COLOSSAEUS NOV. SP. (LE PLUS GRAND SERPENT CONNU.) DE L'EOCENE DU MALI ET LE PROBLEME DU GENRE CHEZ LES PALAEOPHEINAE. 1983 [2022-11-23]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-23）.
[5]
Blake, S. F. Note on a vertebra of Palaeophis from the Eocene of Maryland. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 1941, 31 [2022-11-23]. ISSN 0043-0439. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-23）.
[6]
Parmley, Dennis, and Harold W. Reed. "Size and age class estimates of North American Eocene palaeopheid snakes." Georgia Journal of Science 61.4 (2003): 220.
[7]
Holman, J. Alan. "Palaeophis casei, new species, a tiny palaeophid snake from the early Eocene of Mississippi." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2.2 (1982): 163-166.
[8]
Holman, J. Alan. Palaeophis casei, new species, a tiny palaeophid snake from the early Eocene of Mississippi. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1982, 2 (2): 163–166. JSTOR 4522892. doi:10.1080/02724634.1982.10011927.
[9]
Rage, Jean-Claude; et al. Early Eocene snakes from Kutch, Western India, with a review of the Palaeophiidae. Geodiversitas (Editions scientifiques du Muséum, Paris, France). 2003, 25 (4): 695–716 [12 May 2010]. ISSN 1280-9659.

[aa-1] [1]
Fossilworks. [2021-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-28）.

[Kristensen_etal_2012-2] [2]
Kristensen, Hans Viborg; Cuny, Gilles; Rasmussen, Arne Redsted; Madsen, Henrik. Earliest record of the fossil snake Palaeophis from the Paleocene/Eocene boundary in Denmark. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 2012-12-01, 183 (6) [2022-11-23]. ISSN 1777-5817. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.621. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-23）（英語）.

[HoussayeEtAl2013-3] [3]
Houssaye, Alexandra; Rage, Jean-Claude; Bardet, Nathalie; Vincent, Peggy; Amaghzaz, Mbarek; Meslouh, Said. New highlights about the enigmatic marine snake Palaeophis maghrebianus (Palaeophiidae; Palaeophiinae) from the Ypresian (Lower Eocene) phosphates of Morocco: NEW HIGHLIGHTS ABOUT PALAEOPHIS MAGHREBIANUS. Palaeontology. 2013-05, 56 (3) [2022-11-23]. doi:10.1111/pala.12008. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-01）（英語）.

[Rage1983-4] [4]
RAGE, JC; RAPP, PIVETEAU J. PALAEOPHIS COLOSSAEUS NOV. SP. (LE PLUS GRAND SERPENT CONNU.) DE L'EOCENE DU MALI ET LE PROBLEME DU GENRE CHEZ LES PALAEOPHEINAE. PALAEOPHIS COLOSSAEUS NOV. SP. (LE PLUS GRAND SERPENT CONNU.) DE L'EOCENE DU MALI ET LE PROBLEME DU GENRE CHEZ LES PALAEOPHEINAE. 1983 [2022-11-23]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-23）.

[blake-5] [5]
Blake, S. F. Note on a vertebra of Palaeophis from the Eocene of Maryland. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 1941, 31 [2022-11-23]. ISSN 0043-0439. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-23）.

[PR-6] [6]
Parmley, Dennis, and Harold W. Reed. "Size and age class estimates of North American Eocene palaeopheid snakes." Georgia Journal of Science 61.4 (2003): 220.

[holman-7] [7]
Holman, J. Alan. "Palaeophis casei, new species, a tiny palaeophid snake from the early Eocene of Mississippi." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2.2 (1982): 163-166.

[8] [8]
Holman, J. Alan. Palaeophis casei, new species, a tiny palaeophid snake from the early Eocene of Mississippi. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1982, 2 (2): 163–166. JSTOR 4522892. doi:10.1080/02724634.1982.10011927.

[9] [9]
Rage, Jean-Claude; et al. Early Eocene snakes from Kutch, Western India, with a review of the Palaeophiidae. Geodiversitas (Editions scientifiques du Muséum, Paris, France). 2003, 25 (4): 695–716 [12 May 2010]. ISSN 1280-9659.

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