中部美洲,又譯美索美洲(英語:Mesoamerica),是一個歷史上的地區和文化區,地理上位於北美洲。覆蓋區域自中部墨西哥延伸經過伯利茲、危地馬拉、薩爾瓦多、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜,一直到哥斯達黎加北部。 中部美洲文明指的是西班牙殖民前(又稱前哥倫布時期)的這段文明[1][2]。 中部美洲是世界六大古代文明地區之一,同時也是美洲文明之一(另一為小北文明,位於今秘魯)。基本上「中美洲」一詞主要為地理上的概念,而「中部美洲」則以文化歷史上的分界而言,比「中美洲」涵蓋的範圍更大。
中部美洲文明共有的特色包括:這些文明的雕刻上常可發現三石壁爐圖騰概念(暗示了他們的居家環境);某種涼鞋的穿著;以及以玉米為主的集約農業;他們崇拜的神話系統都包括一個雨神、一個太陽神、一個羽蛇神(亦即阿茲特克人的克察爾科亞特爾);科技包括一套二十進位的數字系統,以及每年260日為週期的神曆和另一套太陽曆(見:中美洲曆法);在建築方面,這些印地安人建築了階梯延伸至頂端的金字塔;在娛樂方面,他們發展出具有宗教意義的球賽(見:中美洲蹴球);除這些以外,還有各式各樣的藝術及文化傳統。
中部美洲同時也是人類語言學上的一個標準範例:所有主要的中美洲語言都表現出某個共同特徵集合的部分特色。中部美洲的經濟及地理政治都受惠自通用語的大量使用,也就是納瓦特爾語至少從7世紀開始的廣泛使用;這樣的發展可能還可向前推2,000年。
參見
- 中部美洲地區(英語:Mesoamerican region)
- 墨西哥原住民(英語:Indigenous peoples of Mexico)
- 美洲原住民
- 拉丁美洲
- 乾旱美洲
- 歐洲殖民化前的美洲繪畫(英語:Painting in the Americas before European colonization)
參考文獻
- "Meso-America," 牛津英語詞典, 2nd ed. (rev.) 2002. (ISBN 0-19-860652-4) Oxford, UK: 牛津大學出版社; p. 906.
- (2000): Atlas del México Prehispánico. Revista Arqueología mexicana. Número especial 5. Julio de 2000. Raíces/ Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. México.
書籍
- Adams, Richard E. W.; MacLeod (eds.), Murdo J. Cambridge History of the Native peoples of The Americas. 2: Mesoamerica. Cambridge University Press. 2000.
- Braswell, Geoffrey E. Introduction: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction. Geoffrey E. Braswell (Ed.) (編). The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction. Austin: University of Texas Press. 2003: 1–44. ISBN 978-0-292-70587-6. OCLC 49936017.
- Campbell, Lyle. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, 4. William Bright (series general ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0-19-509427-5. OCLC 32923907.
- Campbell, Lyle; Kaufman, Terrence; Smith-Stark, Thomas. Meso-America as a linguistic area. Language(英語:Language (journal)). September 1986, 62 (3): 530–58. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 415477. OCLC 1361911. doi:10.2307/415477.
- Carmack, Robert M.; Gasco, Janine L.; Gossen, Gary H. Legacy of Mesoamerica, The: History and Culture of a Native American Civilization. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1996. ISBN 978-0-13-337445-2.
- Carrasco, Davíd; Jones, Lindsay; Sessions, Scott. Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. 2002.
- Coe, Michael D. Mexico: from the Olmecs to the Aztecs 4th edition, Revised and Enlarged. New York: Thames & Hudson. 1994 [1962]. ISBN 978-0-500-27722-5.
- Diehl, Richard A. The Olmecs: America's First Civilization. London: Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 978-0-500-28503-9.
- Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 1999. ISBN 978-0-393-31755-8.
- Filloy Nadal, Laura. Rubber and Rubber Balls in Mesoamerica. E. Michael Whittington (Ed.) (編). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 20–31. ISBN 978-0-500-05108-5.
- Gamio, Manuel. La Población del Valle de Teotihuacán: Representativa de las que Habitan las Regiones Rurales del Distrito Federal y de los Estados de Hidalgo, Puebla, México y Tlaxcala 2 vols. in 3. Mexico City: Talleres Gráficos de la Secretaría de Educación Pública. 1922 (西班牙語).
- Gibson, Charles(英語:Charles Gibson (historian)). The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964.
- Kirchhoff, Paul. Mesoamérica. Sus Límites Geográficos, Composición Étnica y Caracteres Culturales. Acta Americana. 1943, 1 (1): 92–107 (西班牙語).
- Leyenaar, Ted. The Modern Ballgames of Sinaloa: a Survival of the Aztec Ullamaliztli. E. Michael Whittington (Ed.) (編). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 97–115. ISBN 978-0-500-05108-5.
- Lockhart, James. The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1992. ISBN 978-8047-19278 請檢查
|isbn=
值 (幫助). OCLC 24283718. - López Austin, Alfredo; López Luján, Leonardo. El pasado indígena. Mexico City: El Colegio de México. 1996. ISBN 978-968-16-4890-9 (西班牙語).
- O'Brien, Patrick (ed.). Oxford Atlas of World History. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005.
- Markman, Roberta H.; Markman, Peter T. The Flayed God: the Mesoamerican Mythological Tradition; Sacred Texts and Images from pre-Columbian Mexico and Central America. San Francisco: Harper. 1992. ISBN 978-0-06-250528-6. OCLC 25507756.
- Mendoza, Ruben G. Mesoamerican Chronology: Periodization 2. 2001: 222–226. ISBN 978-0-19-510815-6.
|journal=
被忽略 (幫助) - Palerm, Ángel. Agricultura y civilización en Mesoamérica. Mexico: Secretaría de Educación Pública. 1972. ISBN 978-968-13-0994-7 (西班牙語).
- Restall, Matthew. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest 1st pbk. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-19-517611-7. OCLC 56695639.
- Sahagún, Bernardino de. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, 13 vols. in 12. vols. I–XII. Charles E. Dibble(英語:Charles E. Dibble) and Arthur J. O. Anderson(英語:Arthur J. O. Anderson) (eds., trans., notes and illus.) translation of Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España. Santa Fe, NM and Salt Lake City: School of American Research(英語:School of American Research) and the University of Utah Press(英語:University of Utah Press). 1950–82 [ca. 1540–85]. ISBN 978-0-87480-082-1. OCLC 276351.
- Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P. The Ancient Maya 6th. Stanford University Press. 2006.
- Smith, Michael E. The Aztecs first. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing(英語:Blackwell Publishing). 1997. ISBN 978-0-631-23015-1. OCLC 48579073.
- Smith, Michael E. City Size in Late Post-Classic Mesoamerica (PDF). Journal of Urban History. May 2005, 31 (4): 403–34. ISSN 0096-1442. OCLC 1798556. doi:10.1177/0096144204274396. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-10-08).
- Smith, Michael E.; Masson, Marilyn. The Ancient Civilizations of Mesoamerica: A Reader. Wiley-Blackwell. 2000.
- Suaréz, Jorge A. The Mesoamerican Indian Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1983. ISBN 978-0-521-22834-3. OCLC 8034800.
- Miller, Mary; Taube, Karl. The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. London: Thames & Hudson. 1993. ISBN 978-0-500-05068-2. OCLC 27667317.
- Taladoire, Eric. The Architectural Background of the Pre-Hispanic Ballgame. E. Michael Whittington (Ed.) (編). The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 97–115. ISBN 978-0-500-05108-5.
- Wauchope, Robert(英語:Robert Wauchope (archaeologist)), general editor. Handbook of Middle American Indians. Austin: University of Texas Press 1964-1976.
- Weaver, Muriel Porter. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica 3rd. San Diego: Academic Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0-01-263999-3.
- Zeitlin, Robert N.; Judith Zeitlin. The Paleoindian and Archaic Cultures of Mesoamerica 2. 2000: 45–122. ISBN 978-0-521-35165-2.
|journal=
被忽略 (幫助)
外部連結
- Maya Culture
- Mesoweb.com: a comprehensive site for Mesoamerican civilizations(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Museum of the Templo Mayor (Mexico) (西班牙文)
- National Museum of Anthropology and History (Mexico) (西班牙文)
- Selected bibliography concerning war in Mesoamerica (西班牙文)
- WAYEB: European Association of Mayanists(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Arqueologia Iberoamericana(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館): Open access international scientific journal devoted to the archaeological study of the American and Iberian peoples. It contains research articles on Mesoamerica.
- Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520–1820
- Google Scholar Citations: Mesoamerica. [2019-01-27]. (原始內容存檔於2022-03-08).
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