littera

芬蘭語

名詞

littera

1. （支票的） 面額

變格

littera 的屈折 (Kotus 類型 12/kulkija，無元音變換)
主格		littera	litterat
屬格		litteran	litteroiden litteroitten
部分格		litteraa	litteroita
入格		litteraan	litteroihin
		單數	複數
主格		littera	litterat
賓格	主	littera	litterat
	屬	litteran
屬格		litteran	litteroiden litteroitten litterain 罕用
部分格		litteraa	litteroita
內格		litterassa	litteroissa
出格		litterasta	litteroista
入格		litteraan	litteroihin
接格		litteralla	litteroilla
離格		litteralta	litteroilta
向格		litteralle	litteroille
樣格		litterana	litteroina
轉移格		litteraksi	litteroiksi
欠格		litteratta	litteroitta
手段格		—	litteroin
共格		請參閱下方的所有格形式。

littera 的所有格形式 (Kotus 類型 12/kulkija，無元音變換)

第一人稱單數所有者 單數 複數 主格 litterani litterani 賓格 主 litterani litterani 屬 litterani 屬格 litterani litteroideni litteroitteni litteraini 罕用 部分格 litteraani litteroitani 內格 litterassani litteroissani 出格 litterastani litteroistani 入格 litteraani litteroihini 接格 litterallani litteroillani 離格 litteraltani litteroiltani 向格 litteralleni litteroilleni 樣格 litteranani litteroinani 轉移格 litterakseni litteroikseni 欠格 litterattani litteroittani 手段格 — — 共格 — litteroineni 第二人稱單數所有者 單數 複數 主格 litterasi litterasi 賓格 主 litterasi litterasi 屬 litterasi 屬格 litterasi litteroidesi litteroittesi litteraisi 罕用 部分格 litteraasi litteroitasi 內格 litterassasi litteroissasi 出格 litterastasi litteroistasi 入格 litteraasi litteroihisi 接格 litterallasi litteroillasi 離格 litteraltasi litteroiltasi 向格 litterallesi litteroillesi 樣格 litteranasi litteroinasi 轉移格 litteraksesi litteroiksesi 欠格 litterattasi litteroittasi 手段格 — — 共格 — litteroinesi 第一人稱複數所有者 單數 複數 主格 litteramme litteramme 賓格 主 litteramme litteramme 屬 litteramme 屬格 litteramme litteroidemme litteroittemme litteraimme 罕用 部分格 litteraamme litteroitamme 內格 litterassamme litteroissamme 出格 litterastamme litteroistamme 入格 litteraamme litteroihimme 接格 litterallamme litteroillamme 離格 litteraltamme litteroiltamme 向格 litterallemme litteroillemme 樣格 litteranamme litteroinamme 轉移格 litteraksemme litteroiksemme 欠格 litterattamme litteroittamme 手段格 — — 共格 — litteroinemme 第二人稱複數所有者 單數 複數 主格 litteranne litteranne 賓格 主 litteranne litteranne 屬 litteranne 屬格 litteranne litteroidenne litteroittenne litterainne 罕用 部分格 litteraanne litteroitanne 內格 litterassanne litteroissanne 出格 litterastanne litteroistanne 入格 litteraanne litteroihinne 接格 litterallanne litteroillanne 離格 litteraltanne litteroiltanne 向格 litterallenne litteroillenne 樣格 litterananne litteroinanne 轉移格 litteraksenne litteroiksenne 欠格 litterattanne litteroittanne 手段格 — — 共格 — litteroinenne 第三人稱所有者 單數 複數 主格 litteransa litteransa 賓格 主 litteransa litteransa 屬 litteransa 屬格 litteransa litteroidensa litteroittensa litterainsa 罕用 部分格 litteraansa litteroitaan litteroitansa 內格 litterassaan litterassansa litteroissaan litteroissansa 出格 litterastaan litterastansa litteroistaan litteroistansa 入格 litteraansa litteroihinsa 接格 litterallaan litterallansa litteroillaan litteroillansa 離格 litteraltaan litteraltansa litteroiltaan litteroiltansa 向格 litteralleen litterallensa litteroilleen litteroillensa 樣格 litteranaan litteranansa litteroinaan litteroinansa 轉移格 litterakseen litteraksensa litteroikseen litteroiksensa 欠格 litterattaan litterattansa litteroittaan litteroittansa 手段格 — — 共格 — litteroineen litteroinensa

因特語

發音

• 國際音標^(幫助): /ˈlit.te.ra/

名詞

littera (複數 litteras)

1. 字母
2. 書信

拉丁語

其他寫法

• lītera

詞源

來源不確定，有兩種解釋：

• 源自早期的lītera（是否存在還有爭議）^[1]，輔音加長（也被稱作littera rule）^[2]，源自古拉丁語 leitera (見於公元前122年^[3]，但Ernout & Meillet 認為應是lino^[4]），源自早期形容詞 *lei-tos的複數形 (參見opera ← opus)，與拉丁語 linō (「污漬」)、原始意大利語 *linō (「污漬」)有關，^[5]源自原始印歐語 *h₂leyH- (「污漬」)。其變體構擬出的原始印歐語詞根是*leyt- (「撓」)。^[6]

但 de Vaan 指出，源自lino的過去分詞實際上應該是有短 i 的litus，這一來源缺少其他關於 *leitos的證據，「詞形上不可信」。^[1]

• 或可能通過伊特拉斯坎語，源自（或有關）古希臘語 διφθέρᾱ (diphthérā, 「皮革」)，Hesychius 認為也可以表示碑。^[4]源頭不明。

發音

• (古典拉丁語) 國際音標^(幫助): /ˈlit.te.ra/, [ˈlʲɪt̪ːɛrä]
• (教會拉丁語) 國際音標^(幫助): /ˈlit.te.ra/, [ˈlit̪ːerä]

• 音頻 (古典)：

  (檔案)

名詞

littera f (屬格 litterae)；第一類變格

1. 字母
2. (轉喻) 書寫
   • 106 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 7.2:

     Tam Alexidis manum amabam, quod tam prope accedebat ad similitudinem tuae litterae; non amabam, quod indicabat te non valere.

     While I was liking the handwriting of Alexis for it resembled so closely a likeness to your own handwriting, I wasn't liking it for it was indicating that you were not well.

3. (常用複數) 書信

   Litteras resignare.

   開啟信封。

4. (常用複數) 文學

   Abest historia litteris nostris.

   Is missing from our literature.

   Si versus horum duorum poetarum neglegetis, magna parte litterarum carebitis.

   If you neglect the verses of these two poets, you will miss a great part of literature.

5. 〈引〉(常用複數) 學問
6. (常用複數) 集
7. (常用複數) 記錄，文檔
8. (常用複數) 法令

   Praetoris litterae.

   裁判官的命令。

   Litteras revocavit.

   任命書。

使用注意

• litterae missae 義為「被人送出去的信」，litterae allatae 是「收到的信」，則liber litterarum missarum et allatarum 義為「書信冊」。

變格

第一類變格名詞。

	單數	複數
主格	littera	litterae
屬格	litterae	litterārum
屬格	litterae	litterīs
賓格	litteram	litterās
離格	litterā	litterīs
呼格	littera	litterae

派生詞

• ad litteram (「逐字」)
• coeuntes litterae
• littera canīna (字面意思是「狗的字母」)
• littera tenuis
• litterae clausae
• litterae patentēs
• litterālis
• litterātim

派生語彙

• 阿斯圖里亞斯語: lletra
• → 布列塔尼語: lizher
• 加泰羅尼亞語: lletra
• → 康沃爾語: lyther
• 達爾馬提亞語: latera
• 弗留利語: letare, lètare
• 意大利語: lettera
  • → 阿爾巴尼亞語: letër
• 奧克語: letra
• 古法語: lettre
  • 法語: lettre
  • → 中古英語: letter
    • 英語: letter
  • → 中古荷蘭語: lettere
• → 古愛爾蘭語: liter
  • 愛爾蘭語: litir
  • 曼島語: lettyr
  • 蘇格蘭蓋爾語: litir
• 皮埃蒙特語: litra
• → 波蘭語: litera
• 葡萄牙語: letra
• 羅馬尼亞語: literă
• 羅曼什語: letra
• → 俄語: ли́тера (lítera)
• 撒丁語: lítara, lítera
• 西西里語: littra, lìttira
• 西班牙語: letra
• 威尼斯語: łétara, létara, létera
• → 威爾士語: llythyr

參考資料

1. De Vaan, Michiel (2008年)，「littera」，Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)，Leiden, Boston：Brill，ISBN 9789004167971，第 346 頁
2. https://books.google.ru/books?id=J7u6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47
3. https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Leges/acilia_CIL.htm
4. Template:R:la:EM
5. Walde, Alois; Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938年)，「littera」，Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (德語)，第 I 卷，3rd版，Heidelberg：Carl Winter，第 814 頁
6. Sihler, Andrew L. (1995年) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin，Oxford, New York：Oxford University Press，ISBN 0195083458，第 224 頁

拓展閱讀

• littera in Charlton T. Lewis & Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879
• 「littera」, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891年) An Elementary Latin Dictionary，New York：Harper & Brothers
• littera在Charles du Fresne du Cange的Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
• littera在Gaffiot, Félix (1934年) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français (拉丁語-法語詳解詞典)，Hachette中的內容
• Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894年) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1]，London：Macmillan and Co.
  • to live (all) one's life (honourably, in the country, as a man of learning): vitam, aetatem (omnem aetatem, omne aetatis tempus) agere (honeste, ruri, in litteris), degere, traducere
    
  • the study of belles-lettres; literary pursuits: litterarum studium or tractatio (not occupatio)
    
  • learned, scientific, literary men: homines litterarum studiosi
    
  • scholarship, culture, literature is at a low ebb: litterae iacent, neglectae iacent
    
  • to be engaged in the pursuit of letters: litteras colere
    
  • to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters: litteras amplecti
    
  • to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters: litteras adamasse (only in perf. and plup.)
    
  • to be engaged in literary pursuits: in studio litterarum versari
    
  • to be engaged in any branch of study: in aliquo litterarum genere versari
    
  • to be an ardent student of..: summo studio in litteris versari
    
  • to devote oneself entirely to literature: se totum litteris tradere, dedere
    
  • to be quite engrossed in literary studies: se totum in litteras or se litteris abdere
    
  • to apply oneself very closely to literary, scientific work: in litteris elaborare (De Sen. 8. 26)
    
  • to find recreation in study: in litteris acquiescere or conquiescere
    
  • to devote one's life to science, study: aetatem in litteris ducere, agere
    
  • to devote all one's leisure moments to study: omne (otiosum) tempus in litteris consumere
    
  • to employ all one's energies on literary work: omne studium in litteris collocare, ad litteras conferre
    
  • to feel an attraction for study: litterarum studio trahi
    
  • to feel an attraction for study: trahi, ferri ad litteras
    
  • to relax one's studies: litterarum studia remittere
    
  • to have a superficial knowledge, a smattering of literature, of the sciences: primis (ut dicitur) or primoribus labris gustare or attingere litteras
    
  • literature: litterae
    
  • written records; documents: litterae ac monumenta or simply monumenta
    
  • Roman literature: litterae latinae
    
  • shining lights in the literary world: clarissima litterarum lumina
    
  • to study Greek literature: graecis litteris studere
    
  • to be well (slightly) acquainted with Greek literature: multum (mediocriter) in graecis litteris versari
    
  • acquainted with the Latin language: latinis litteris or latine doctus
    
  • to possess literary knowledge: litterarum scientiam (only in sing.) habere
    
  • to be well-informed, erudite: multarum rerum cognitione imbutum esse (opp. litterarum or eruditionis expertem esse or [rerum] rudem esse)
    
  • to have received a liberal education: litteras scire
    
  • profound scientific education: litterae interiores et reconditae, artes reconditae
    
  • for a Roman he is decidedly well educated: sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae (De Sen. 4. 12)
    
  • to have received a superficial education: litteris leviter imbutum or tinctum esse
    
  • to be educated by some one: litteras discere ab aliquo
    
  • an elementary school: ludus (discendi or litterarum)
    
  • to receive the first elements of a liberal education: primis litterarum elementis imbui
    
  • to teach some one letters: erudire aliquem artibus, litteris (but erudire aliquem in iure civili, in re militari)
    
  • to write expositions of philosophy in Latin: philosophiam latinis litteris illustrare (Acad. 1. 1. 3)
    
  • to study historical records, read history: evolvere historias, litterarum (veterum annalium) monumenta
    
  • to hold by the letter (of the law): verba ac litteras or scriptum (legis) sequi (opp. sententia the spirit)
    
  • to lengthen the pronunciation of a syllable or letter: syllabam, litteram producere (opp. corripere) (Quintil. 9. 4. 89)
    
  • to pronounce the syllables distinctly: litteras exprimere (opp. obscurare)
    
  • to the letter; literally: ad litteram, litterate
    
  • the alphabet: litterarum ordo
    
  • the alphabet: litterae, elementa
    
  • to arrange in alphabetical order: ad litteram or litterarum ordine digerere
    
  • to put down in writing: litteris mandare or consignare aliquid (Acad. 2. 1. 2)
    
  • to treat in writing: litteris persequi (vid. sect. VIII. 2, note persequi...) aliquid
    
  • to write a letter to some one: epistulam (litteras) dare, scribere, mittere ad aliquem
    
  • correspondence: litterae missae et allatae
    
  • to correspond with some one: colloqui cum aliquo per litteras
    
  • to be in correspondence with..: litteras inter se dare et accipere
    
  • to take a letter somewhere: litteras perferre aliquo
    
  • to read a letter aloud (in public): litteras recitare (Att. 8. 9. 2)
    
  • a letter, the tenor of which is..: litterae hoc exemplo (Att. 9. 6. 3)
    
  • the terms, contents of the letter are as follows: litterae in hanc sententiam or his verbis scriptae sunt
    
  • to deliver a letter dated September 21st: litteras reddere datas a. d. Kal. X. Octob.
    
  • a most courteous letter: litterae officii or humanitatis plenae
    
• littera in Ramminger, Johann (訪問於16 July 2016) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[2]，pre-publication website, 2005-2016