黃地蠟

黃地蠟
黃地蠟
	來自美國加利福尼亞州新伊德里亞區的黃地蠟
基本資料
類別	有機礦物
化學式	C24H12
IMA記號	Cpa
施特龍茨分類	10.BA.30
晶體分類	柱面晶族 (2/m) ; (H-M記號相同)
晶體空間群	P21/c, P21/n
晶胞	a = 1625 pm, b = 463.8 pm, c = 1042 pm; β = 111°10'; Z = 2
性質
分子量	300.36 g·mol−1
顏色	曝光時呈黃色、黃褐色
晶體慣態	針狀至薄板狀，葉片狀、纖維狀和放射狀聚集體
晶系	單斜晶系
解理	[001]、[100]和[201]完全解理
斷口	梯狀斷口
韌性/脆性	撓性，幾乎塑料
莫氏硬度	1.5
光澤	玻璃到金剛光澤
條痕	黃白色
透明性	透明
比重	1.35
光學性質	雙軸 (+/-)
折射率	nα = 1.760 - 1.780 nβ = 1.977 - 1.982 nγ = 2.050 - 2.150
雙折射	δ = 0.290 - 0.370
2V夾角	96°- 115°(測量值)
發光性	電流藍到藍綠色螢光
熔點	432.8 °C
參考文獻

黃地蠟（英語：Carpathite）是一種非常稀有的有機礦物，由極純的蒄 (C₂₄H₁₂) 組成，它是一種多環芳香烴。^[8]^[9]

Quick Facts 黃地蠟, 基本資料 ...

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該礦物於1955年首次在烏克蘭外喀爾巴阡州發現。它以喀爾巴阡山脈命名。^[5]

黃地蠟具有與純蒄相同的晶體結構。分子是平面的並且位於大致垂直方向的兩組中。同一組中的分子平行且部分偏移，平面相距0.3463nm。這略大於石墨層的層間距離（0.335nm），遠大於分子內的C-C鍵長（約0.14nm）。這種「波紋層」結構對插層具有很強的抵抗力，這顯然解釋了礦物的純度。^[3]

在烏克蘭發現的位置，它在閃長岩侵入空腔內硬泥岩的接觸帶產生，並與綠地蠟（英語：idrialite）、無定形有機材料、方解石、重晶石、石英、硃砂和黑辰砂伴生。^[7]在斯洛伐克共和國的普雷紹夫州^[5]和俄羅斯的堪察加州也有報導。^[5]

在加利福尼亞的位置，它出現在厘米大小的礦脈中，與石英和硃砂相關（並在一定程度上同時存在），位於矽化基質中。晶體最大為10×1×1 mm。^[2]碳同位素比值和沈積物形態表明，蒄是由海洋沉積物中的有機質產生，經過熱分解、熱液輸送和化學反應提純，侵入其他礦物之後在250℃以下沉積。^[3]

北海道石

[1]
Warr, L.N. IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine. 2021, 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. S2CID 235729616. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 .
[2]
Joseph Murdoch and Theodore A. Geissman (1967): "Pendletonite, a new hydrocarbon mineral from California". American Mineralogist, volume 52, issues 5-6, pages 611–616. Quote: "Mr. Forrest Cureton, who sent in the specimens, has asked that the mineral, if it turned out to be new, be named after Mr. Norman H. Pendleton, of Santa Cruz, California, who was apparently the first to suspect that the crystals were not valentinite"
[3]
Takuya Echigo, Mitsuyoshi Kimata, and Teruyuki Maruoka (2007): "Crystal-chemical and carbon-isotopic characteristics of karpatite (C₂₄H₁₂) from the Picacho Peak Area, San Benito County, California: Evidences for the hydrothermal formation". American Mineralogist, volume 92, issues 8-9, pages 1262–1269. doi:10.2138/am.2007.2509
[4]
Mineralienatlas. [2022-10-06]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-18）.
[5]
Mindat with location data. [2022-10-06]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-08）.
[6]
Webmineral data. [2022-10-06]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-27）.
[7]
Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF). [2022-10-06]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2010-07-01）.
[8]
Max Blumer (1975): "Curtisite, idrialite and pendletonite, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon minerals: Their composition and origin" Chemical Geology, volume 16, issue 4, pages 245-256. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(75)90064-9
[9]
Stephen A. Wise, Robert M. Campbell, W. Raymond West, Milton L. Lee, Keith D. Bartle (1986): "Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon minerals curtisite, idrialite and pendletonite using high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy". Chemical Geology, volume 54, issues 3–4, pages 339-357. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(86)90148-8

[1] [1]
Warr, L.N. IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine. 2021, 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. S2CID 235729616. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 .

[murd1967-2] [2]
Joseph Murdoch and Theodore A. Geissman (1967): "Pendletonite, a new hydrocarbon mineral from California". American Mineralogist, volume 52, issues 5-6, pages 611–616. Quote: "Mr. Forrest Cureton, who sent in the specimens, has asked that the mineral, if it turned out to be new, be named after Mr. Norman H. Pendleton, of Santa Cruz, California, who was apparently the first to suspect that the crystals were not valentinite"

[echi2007-3] [3]
Takuya Echigo, Mitsuyoshi Kimata, and Teruyuki Maruoka (2007): "Crystal-chemical and carbon-isotopic characteristics of karpatite (C₂₄H₁₂) from the Picacho Peak Area, San Benito County, California: Evidences for the hydrothermal formation". American Mineralogist, volume 92, issues 8-9, pages 1262–1269. doi:10.2138/am.2007.2509

[minatlas-4] [4]
Mineralienatlas. [2022-10-06]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-18）.

[mindat-5] [5]
Mindat with location data. [2022-10-06]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-08）.

[webmin-6] [6]
Webmineral data. [2022-10-06]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-27）.

[HBM-7] [7]
Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF). [2022-10-06]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2010-07-01）.

[blum1975-8] [8]
Max Blumer (1975): "Curtisite, idrialite and pendletonite, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon minerals: Their composition and origin" Chemical Geology, volume 16, issue 4, pages 245-256. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(75)90064-9

[wise1986-9] [9]
Stephen A. Wise, Robert M. Campbell, W. Raymond West, Milton L. Lee, Keith D. Bartle (1986): "Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon minerals curtisite, idrialite and pendletonite using high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy". Chemical Geology, volume 54, issues 3–4, pages 339-357. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(86)90148-8

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黃地蠟

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參考資料