鏈球菌 (學名:Streptococcus )是一類球形的革蘭氏陽性 細菌 ,屬於厚壁菌門 的一個屬 。這些細菌細胞分裂 時總是沿一個軸,所以通常成對或者鏈狀的。因爲這些特徵,他們被稱作「鏈球菌」,區別於可以沿多個軸分裂而形成一團細胞的「葡萄球菌」(Staphylococcus )。鏈球菌屬包含了很多個種 ,其中多數是在人和動物表皮,呼吸道等處的共生菌(commensal flora),也有對人類有益的菌種如嗜熱鏈球菌 (Streptococcus thermophilus),但其中也有相當數量的致病菌 種。
Quick Facts 鏈球菌屬, 科學分類 ...
鏈球菌屬
肺炎鏈球菌
科學分類
域:
細菌域 Bacteria
門:
芽孢桿菌門 Bacillota
綱:
芽孢桿菌綱 Bacilli
目:
乳桿菌目 Lactobacillales
科:
鏈球菌科 Streptococcaceae
屬:
鏈球菌屬 Streptococcus Rosenbach, 1884
模式種
化膿性鏈球菌 Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach, 1884
種
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一般以蘭斯菲爾德分類法 (Lancefield classification)和溶血類型 劃分。例如產膿鏈球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes )為蘭斯菲爾德一型(Group A)並為β溶血類型(β-haemolytic)。
肺炎鏈球菌 (Streptococcus pneumoniae )沒有蘭斯菲爾德抗原,但是可以根據它是從呼吸道中提取,顯微鏡下為雙球菌狀(diplococcus),α溶血,菌落呈濕潤狀(有莢膜生成),中間有凹陷(draughtsman shape,因為有autolysin產生),以確定。
本屬包括以下物種:[ 1]
少酸鏈球菌 Streptococcus acidominimus Ayers & Mudge, 1922
B型鏈球菌 Streptococcus agalactiae Lehmann & Neumann, 1896
非解乳糖鏈球菌 Streptococcus alactolyticus Farrow et al., 1985
咽峽炎鏈球菌 Streptococcus anginosus (Andrewes and Horder 1906) Smith and Sherman 1938
南方鏈球菌 Streptococcus australis Willcox et al. 2001
阿齊茲鏈球菌 Streptococcus azizii Shewmaker et al. 2017
奶牛乳腺炎鏈球菌 Streptococcus bovimastitidis de Vries et al. 2018
牛鏈球菌 Streptococcus bovis Orla-Jensen 1919,為Streptococcus equinus Andrewes and Horder 1906的異名
馴馬鏈球菌 Streptococcus caballi Milinovich et al., 2008
鼠腸鏈球菌 Streptococcus caecimuris Afrizal et al. 2024[ 2] ,分離自老鼠的盲腸
加勒多尼亞鏈球菌 Streptococcus caledonicus Foster et al. , 2020
單峰駝鏈球菌 Streptococcus cameli Kadri et al., 2015
犬鏈球菌 Streptococcus canis Devriese et al., 1986,狗鏈球菌
山羊鏈球菌 Streptococcus caprae Vela et al., 2016
羊鏈球菌 Streptococcus caprinus Brooker et al. , 1996,異名
海狸鏈球菌 Streptococcus castoreus Lawson et al., 2005
豚鼠鏈球菌 Streptococcus caviae Palakawong Na Ayudthaya et al., 2017
Streptococcus cecorum Devriese et al. , 1983,異名
星座鏈球菌 Streptococcus constellatus (Prévot 1924) Holdeman and Moore, 1974
Streptococcus cremoris Orla-Jensen 1919,異名
大鼠鏈球菌 Streptococcus criceti Coykendall, 1977,也拼作:Streptococcus cricetus
嵴鏈球菌 Streptococcus cristatus Handley et al. 1991,也拼作:Streptococcus crista
兔鏈球菌 Streptococcus cuniculi Vela et al. 2014
Streptococcus cuniculipharyngis Vela et al. , 2022
丹尼爾氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus danieliae Clavel et al. 2013
Streptococcus defectivus Bouvet et al. , 1989,為Abiotrophia defectiva (Bouvet et al. 1989) Kawamura et al. 1995的異名
野豬牙鏈球菌 Streptococcus dentapri Takada et al., 2010
驢牙鏈球菌 Streptococcus dentasini Takada et al., 2013
非洲象牙鏈球菌 Streptococcus dentiloxodontae Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2016
蝙蝠齒鏈球菌 Streptococcus dentirousetti Takada & Hirasawa, 2008
Streptococcus dentisani Camelo-Castillo et al. 2014,為Streptococcus oralis subsp. dentisani (Camelo-Castillo et al. 2014) Jensen et al. 2016的異名
德夫里耶斯鏈球菌 Streptococcus devriesei Collins et al., 2004
負鼠鏈球菌 Streptococcus didelphis Rurangirwa et al., 2000
Streptococcus difficilis Eldar et al. , 1995,也拼作Streptococcus difficile
汗毛鏈球菌 Streptococcus downei Whiley et al., 1988
唐氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus downii Martínez-Lamas et al. , 2020
Streptococcus durans (Collins et al. , 1984) Knight et al. , 1984,異名
停乳鏈球菌 Streptococcus dysgalactiae (ex Diernhofer 1932) Garvie et al. 1983
停乳鏈球菌停乳亞種 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae
停乳鏈球菌似馬亞種 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis
內臟鏈球菌 Streptococcus entericus Vela et al., 2002
馬鏈球菌 Streptococcus equi Sand & Jensen, 1888
馬鏈球菌馬亞種 Streptococcus equi subsp. equi
馬鏈球菌獸瘟亞種 Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus
馬腸鏈球菌 Streptococcus equinus Andrewes & Horder, 1906
Streptococcus faecalis Andrewes and Horder 1906,異名
Streptococcus faecium Orla-Jensen 1919,異名
野生鏈球菌 Streptococcus ferus (ex Coykendall 1977) Coykendall 1983
Streptococcus fryi Tomida et al. , 2021
雞棚鏈球菌 Streptococcus gallinaceus Collins et al., 2002
Streptococcus gallinarum Bridge and Sneath 1982,為Enterococcus gallinarum (Bridge and Sneath 1982) Collins et al. 1984的異名
解沒食子酸鏈球菌 Streptococcus gallolyticus Osawa et al. 1996
解沒食子酸鏈球菌解沒食子酸亞種 Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus ,過去稱為牛鏈球菌(Streptococcus bovis )生物型i。
解沒食子酸鏈球菌巴氏亞種 Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus ,過去稱為牛鏈球菌(Streptococcus bovis )生物型ii/2
Streptococcus garvieae Collins et al. 1984,為Lactococcus garvieae (Collins et al. 1984) Schleifer et al. 1986的異名
格氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus gordonii Kilian et al. 1989
灰海豹鏈球菌 Streptococcus halichoeri Lawson et al., 2004
耐鹽鏈球菌 Streptococcus halotolerans Niu et al., 2016
Streptococcus hansenii Holdeman and Moore 1974,為Blautia hansenii (Holdeman and Moore 1974) Liu et al. 2008的異名
亨氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus henryi Milinovich et al., 2008
希利爾氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus hillyeri MacFadyen et al. , 2019
喜馬拉雅鏈球菌 Streptococcus himalayensis Niu et al., 2017
呼和浩特鏈球菌 Streptococcus hohhotensis Li et al. 2024[ 3]
香港鏈球菌 Streptococcus hongkongensis Lau et al. , 2013
豬腸鏈球菌 Streptococcus hyointestinalis Devriese et al. 1988
生殖道鏈球菌 Streptococcus hyovaginalis Devriese et al., 1997
鯰魚鏈球菌 Streptococcus ictaluri Shewmaker et al., 2007
Streptococcus ilei Hyun et al. , 2022
小兒鏈球菌 Streptococcus infantarius Schlegel et al., 2000
嬰兒鏈球菌 Streptococcus infantis Kawamura et al. 1998
嬰兒鏈球菌嬰兒亞種 Streptococcus infantarius subsp infantarius
海豚鏈球菌 Streptococcus iniae Pier & Madin, 1976
中間鏈球菌 Streptococcus intermedius Prévot, 1925
Streptococcus intestinalis Robinson et al. , 1988,異名
母乳鏈球菌 Streptococcus lactarius Martín et al., 2011
Streptococcus lactis (Lister 1873) Löhnis 1909,異名
Streptococcus loxodontisalivarius Saito et al., 2014
巴黎鏈球菌 Streptococcus lutetiensis Poyart et al., 2002,過去稱為牛鏈球菌(Streptococcus bovis )生物型ii.1
猴鏈球菌 Streptococcus macacae Beighton et al., 1984
Streptococcus macedonicus Tsakalidou et al. 1998,為Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus (Tsakalidou et al. 1998) Schlegel et al. 2003的異名
海哺乳動物鏈球菌 Streptococcus marimammalium Lawson et al., 2005
旱獺鏈球菌 Streptococcus marmotae Niu et al., 2016
馬賽鏈球菌 Streptococcus massiliensis Glazunova et al., 2006
蒙古沙鼠鏈球菌 Streptococcus merionis Tappe et al., 2009
小鏈球菌 Streptococcus minor Vancanneyt et al., 2004
緩症鏈球菌 Streptococcus mitis Andrewes and Horder 1906
Streptococcus morbillorum (Prévot 1933) Holdeman and Moore 1974,為Gemella morbillorum (Prévot 1933) Kilpper-Bälz and Schleifer 1988的異名
摩洛哥鏈球菌 Streptococcus moroccensis Kadri et al., 2014
變異鏈球菌 Streptococcus mutans Clarke, 1924
低聚發酵鏈球菌 Streptococcus oligofermentans Tong et al. , 2003,為Streptococcus cristatus Handley et al. 1991的異名
口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus oralis Bridge and Sneath 1982
捲尾猴口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus oricebi Saito et al., 2016
非洲象口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus oriloxodontae Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2014
驢口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus orisasini Takada et al., 2013
Streptococcus oriscaviae Teng et al. , 2023
鼠口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus orisratti Zhu et al., 2000
豬口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus orisuis Takada & Hirasawa, 2007
羊鏈球菌 Streptococcus ovis Collins et al., 2001
羊乳房鏈球菌 Streptococcus ovuberis Zamora et al. 2017
太平洋鏈球菌 Streptococcus pacificus Volokhov et al. , 2021
牙齒鏈球菌 Streptococcus panodentis Okamoto et al., 2016
藏羚羊鏈球菌 Streptococcus pantholopis Bai et al., 2016
Streptococcus parapneumoniae [ 4]
副血鏈球菌 Streptococcus parasanguinis Whiley et al. 1990,也拼作Streptococcus parasanguis
副豬鏈球菌 Streptococcus parasuis Nomoto et al., 2015
副乳房鏈球菌 Streptococcus parauberis Williams & Collins, 1990
Streptococcus parvulus (Weinberg et al. , 1937) Cato 1983,為Lancefieldella parvula (Weinberg et al. 1937) Nouioui et al. 2018的異名
Streptococcus pasteurianus Poyart et al. 2002,為Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus (Poyart et al. 2002) Schlegel et al. 2003的異名
殺對蝦鏈球菌 Streptococcus penaeicida Morales-Covarrubias et al. 2018
泛口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus peroris Kawamura et al., 1998
咽喉部鏈球菌 Streptococcus pharyngis Vela et al. 2015,為Streptococcus cuniculipharyngis Vela et al. 2022的異名
海豹鏈球菌 Streptococcus phocae Skaar et al., 1994
Streptococcus plantarum Collins et al. , 1984,為Lactococcus plantarum (Collins et al. 1984) Schleifer et al. 1986的異名
Streptococcus pleomorphus Barnes et al. , 1979,為Faecalicoccus pleomorphus (Barnes et al. 1979) De Maesschalck et al. 2014的異名
多動物源鏈球菌 Streptococcus pluranimalium Devriese et al., 1999
多內器官鏈球菌 Streptococcus plurextorum Vela et al., 2009
肺炎鏈球菌 Streptococcus pneumoniae (Klein 1884) Chester 1901
豬心鏈球菌 Streptococcus porci Vela et al., 2010
豕鏈球菌 Streptococcus porcinus Collins et al. 1985
小豬鏈球菌 Streptococcus porcorum Vela et al., 2011
假肺炎鏈球菌 Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae Arbique et al. 2005
假豕鏈球菌 Streptococcus pseudoporcinus Bekal et al., 2007
化膿性鏈球菌 Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach, 1884,也稱化膿鏈球菌
Streptococcus raffinolactis Orla-Jensen and Hansen 1932,為Lactococcus raffinolactis (Orla-Jensen and Hansen 1932) Schleifer et al. 1988的異名
棉子糖鏈球菌 Streptococcus raffinosi Nguyen et al. 2024[ 5]
鼠鏈球菌 Streptococcus ratti Coykendall, 1977,也拼作:Streptococcus rattus
呼吸系統鏈球菌 Streptococcus respiraculi Niu et al. 2018
里夫鏈球菌 Streptococcus rifensis Kadri et al., 2014
魯布納氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus rubneri Huch et al., 2013
反芻鏈球菌 Streptococcus ruminantium Tohya et al., 2017
Streptococcus ruminicola Park et al. 2023[ 6]
羚羊鏈球菌 Streptococcus rupicaprae Vela et al., 2011
Streptococcus saccharolyticus Farrow et al. , 1985,為Enterococcus saccharolyticus (Farrow et al. 1985) Rodrigues and Collins 1991的異名
Streptococcus salivarius (Orla-Jensen, 1919) Farrow & Collins, 1984
唾液鏈球菌 Streptococcus salivarius Andrewes & Horder, 1906
唾液鏈球菌唾液亞種 Streptococcus salivarius salivarius
唾液鏈球菌嗜熱亞種 Streptococcus salivarius thermophilus
非洲象口水鏈球菌 Streptococcus saliviloxodontae Saito et al., 2014
血鏈球菌 Streptococcus sanguinis White & Niven, 1946,也拼作:Streptococcus sanguis
Streptococcus sciuri Volokhov et al. 2023[ 7]
Streptococcus shiloi Eldar et al. , 1995,為Streptococcus iniae Pier and Madin 1976的異名
中華鏈球菌 Streptococcus sinensis Woo et al., 2002
表兄鏈球菌 Streptococcus sobrinus (ex Coykendall 1974) Coykendall 1983
豬鏈球菌 Streptococcus suis (ex Elliott, 1966) Kilpper-Bälz and Schleifer, 1987
丹吉爾鏈球菌 Streptococcus tangierensis Kadri et al., 2015
Streptococcus taonis Lee et al. 2024[ 8]
Streptococcus thalassemiae Diouf et al. 2023[ 9]
嗜熱鏈球菌 Streptococcus thermophilus Orla-Jensen, 1919
托爾豪特鎮鏈球菌 Streptococcus thoraltensis Devriese et al., 1997
Streptococcus tigurinus Zbinden et al. , 2012,為Streptococcus oralis subsp. tigurinus (Zbinden et al. 2012) Jensen et al. 2016的異名
Streptococcus toyakuensis Wajima et al. , 2022
黑猩猩鏈球菌 Streptococcus troglodytae Okamato et al., 2013
染病黑猩猩鏈球菌 Streptococcus troglodytidis Zhang et al., 2013
乳房鏈球菌 Streptococcus uberis Diernhofer, 1932
脲鏈球菌 Streptococcus urinalis Collins et al., 2000
熊口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus ursoris Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al. , 2011
前庭鏈球菌 Streptococcus vestibularis Whiley & Hardie, 1988
Streptococcus vicugnae Volokhov et al. , 2021
Streptococcus waius Flint et al. , 1999,為Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus (Tsakalidou et al. 1998) Schlegel et al. 2003的異名
加州海獅鏈球菌 Streptococcus zalophi Volokhov et al. , 2021
流行鏈球菌 Streptococcus zooepidemicus ,異名
鏈球菌通常寄生在口腔、皮膚、腸道和上呼吸道,因為其它共生菌的競爭和免疫系統它們一般不會造成疾病,所以被認為是人的正常共生菌落的一部分。但是當某些特定的菌株進入人體,並在特定組織或器官建立起感染時,便會引發疾病。鏈球菌的種類很多,可以感染人體的多種部位,導致多種不同疾病。
鏈球菌會通過以下特定的方式傳播:
物理接觸。
通過被鏈球菌污染的食物及其盛放器具。
通過咳嗽,噴嚏等反應從呼吸道中帶出細菌。
瓊脂平碟上的紅細胞,用於診斷感染。左邊的碟子顯示葡萄狀球菌感染陽性。右邊的碟子顯示鏈球菌感染陽性,圓暈顯示為一型鏈球菌感染。
鏈球菌屬(Streptococcus )中,以蘭斯菲爾德分類法 劃分可以導致疾病的種有:
一型鏈球菌(Group A Streptococci),如產膿鏈球菌 (Streptococcus pyogenes ) 造成一型鏈球菌感染(Group A streptococcal infection)。
產膿鏈球菌會感染成年人,導致發燒,喉嚨痛(鏈球菌性咽炎 ),頸部淋巴腫大。當被感染時,小孩可能會有喉嚨痛、皮疹、腹部絞痛等症狀,醫生可以從咽喉提取樣本進行培養和生化測試以確診。值得注意的是產膿鏈球菌和很多其它鏈球菌有M蛋白抗原(M-protein antigen),這種抗原與心臟肌肉和關節處組織的抗原很相像,長時間的鏈球菌感染會產生自免疫反應, 增加類風濕性關節炎 和風濕性心肌炎 的危險。
二型鏈球菌(Group B Streptococci),也稱為GBS,如Streptococcus agalactiae ,會導致新生兒和老年人的腦膜炎 ,有時也會導致全身性的細菌性敗血症。
鏈球菌通常也會寄生在女性的生殖道內,產生酸性環境,抑制其它細菌,但是有些二型鏈球菌會感染生殖道,增加羊膜過早破裂的危險,使胎兒流產。
美國疾病控制預防中心 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)有專門的對GBS的介紹:Preventing Group B Strep Disease (頁面存檔備份 ,存於網際網路檔案館 )
四型鏈球菌(Group D Streptococci):S. durans 、S. avium 、牛鏈球菌(S. bovis )
肺炎鏈球菌 (Streptococcus pneumoniae )在很少的情況下(如免疫力降低)從上呼吸道進入下呼吸道再進入肺部,產生肺炎鏈球菌溶血素(pneumolysin),在肺部建立感染,因免疫反應而使肺部機能失常,導致肺炎 。
草綠色鏈球菌(Streptococcus viridans )可以導致心內膜炎 和口腔感染。
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