赫拉斯·克利福德·李文森

赫拉斯·克利福德·李文森 (Horace Clifford Levinson，1895年6月30日,芝加哥 – 1968, 肯尼邦鎮, Maine)是一位美國數學家、天文學家、作業研究的先驅。他引入了量化分析方法，並且在廣告與推銷方面使用了複雜的數學模型。^[1]

李文森的父親是芝加哥地區著名的律師Salmon Oliver Levinson.^[2] 1909年，少年李文森與他的朋友Frederick Charles Leonard (1896–1960)一起成立了實用天文觀測學會(Society of Practical Astronomical)，Frederick Charles Leonard擔任主席，而李文森擔任財務長。^[3]^[4] 雖然學會在1917年解散，但它在美國變星觀測者協會的歷史上扮演重要的角色.^[5] 在第一次世界大戰期間，李文森在美軍服役，軍銜為中尉。^[6]

1922年9月，李文森在芝加哥大學獲得數理天文與純數學領域的博士學位，學位論文為The gravitational field of masses relatively at rest according to Einstein's theory of gravitation.^[7] 1924年受邀至多倫多的國際數學家大會演講。^[8]

1930年代，李文森使用科學分析方法處理了推銷方面的問題。他為L. Bamberger and Company的研究工作包括研究客戶的購買習慣、對廣告的反應以及環境與所售商品類型之間的關係。在1920年代，李文森完成了對郵購公司的研究，研究加快發貨對客戶接受或拒絕貨到付款的影響。李文森成功地從大量數據的收集和分析中，預測了大眾的普遍反應，使他後來得以為Bamberger公司進行銷售有效性方面的研究，藉由讓百貨公司於夜間營業以提高增加銷售。

李文森曾經在俄亥俄州立大學擔當數學教職，也曾擔任美國國家學院的作業研究委員會主席。^[9]

部分作品

with E. B. Zeisler: The Law of Gravitation in Relativity. University of Chicago Press. 1931.^[10]
Notes on stellar photography. Popular Astronomy. 1934, 42: 121–131. Bibcode:1934PA.....42..121L.
Experiences in commercial operations research. Journal of the Operations Research Society of America. 1953, 1 (4): 220–239. doi:10.1287/opre.1.4.220.
Chance, luck, and statistics. Dover Publications. 2001.^[11] reprint of Science of chance: from probability to statistics. New York: Rinehart. 1950.^[12] first printed as Your chance to win: the laws of chance and probability. 1939.^[13]

參考文獻

[1]
Saaty, Thomas L. Mathematical methods of operations research. Dover Publications. 2004: 7.
[2]
The book of Chicagoans vol. 2. 1911: 4215.
[3]
Williams, Thomas R.; Saladyga, Michael. Advancing Variable Star Astronomy: The Centennial History of the American Association of Variable Star Observers. Cambridge University Press. 2011: 22.
[4]
Leonard, Frederick C.; Levinson, Harold C. (編). Monthly Register of the Society for Practical Astronomy. 1914. Editors list列表缺少|last2= (幫助)
[5]
Williams, Thomas R.; Saladyga, Michael. Advancing Variable Star Astronomy: The Centennial History of the American Association of Variable Star Observers. Cambridge University Press. 2011: 24.
[6]
The American Jewish Year Book 5679, September 7, 1918 to September 24, 1919. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. 1918: 202.
[7]
Notes. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 1923, 29: 235–237. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1923-03715-4.
[8]
Levinson, H. C. In: Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Toronto, August 11–16. 1924 vol. 2. : 243–252.
[9]
Levinson, Horace C. Operations research with special reference to non-military applications: a brochure. National Research Council. 1951.
[10]
Murnaghan, F. D. Review of The Law of Gravitation in Relativity by H. C. Levinson and E. B. Zeisler. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 1933, 39: 334. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1933-05612-4.
[11]
Aschbacher, Charlie. Review of Chance, Luck, and Statistics by Horace C. Levinson. MAA Reviews, Mathematical Association of America. 17 December 2002 [2020-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-29）.
[12]
May, Kenneth. Review of Science of chance by H. C. Levinson. Popular Astronomy. 1950, 58: 196. Bibcode:1950PA.....58..196M.
[13]
Campbell, Alan D. Review of Your Chance to Win. The Laws of Chance and Probability by H. C. Levinson. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 1939, 45: 506. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1939-07023-7.

[Saaty-1] [1]
Saaty, Thomas L. Mathematical methods of operations research. Dover Publications. 2004: 7.

[2] [2]
The book of Chicagoans vol. 2. 1911: 4215.

[3] [3]
Williams, Thomas R.; Saladyga, Michael. Advancing Variable Star Astronomy: The Centennial History of the American Association of Variable Star Observers. Cambridge University Press. 2011: 22.

[4] [4]
Leonard, Frederick C.; Levinson, Harold C. (編). Monthly Register of the Society for Practical Astronomy. 1914. Editors list列表缺少|last2= (幫助)

[5] [5]
Williams, Thomas R.; Saladyga, Michael. Advancing Variable Star Astronomy: The Centennial History of the American Association of Variable Star Observers. Cambridge University Press. 2011: 24.

[6] [6]
The American Jewish Year Book 5679, September 7, 1918 to September 24, 1919. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. 1918: 202.

[7] [7]
Notes. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 1923, 29: 235–237. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1923-03715-4.

[8] [8]
Levinson, H. C. In: Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Toronto, August 11–16. 1924 vol. 2. : 243–252.

[9] [9]
Levinson, Horace C. Operations research with special reference to non-military applications: a brochure. National Research Council. 1951.

[10] [10]
Murnaghan, F. D. Review of The Law of Gravitation in Relativity by H. C. Levinson and E. B. Zeisler. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 1933, 39: 334. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1933-05612-4.

[11] [11]
Aschbacher, Charlie. Review of Chance, Luck, and Statistics by Horace C. Levinson. MAA Reviews, Mathematical Association of America. 17 December 2002 [2020-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-29）.

[12] [12]
May, Kenneth. Review of Science of chance by H. C. Levinson. Popular Astronomy. 1950, 58: 196. Bibcode:1950PA.....58..196M.

[13] [13]
Campbell, Alan D. Review of Your Chance to Win. The Laws of Chance and Probability by H. C. Levinson. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 1939, 45: 506. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1939-07023-7.

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