藥物設計(英語:Drug design),常稱理性藥物設計(Rational drug design),是根據生物靶點(Biological target)的現有知識尋找與發現新型藥物的過程[1]。最常見的藥物類型如有機小分子藥物,可激活或抑制蛋白質等生物分子功能,進而為患者在治療中獲益。藥物設計可狹義地定義為藥物分子設計,這些藥物分子的形狀和原子所帶電荷與生物分子靶標存在互補關係,即「鎖鑰模型」(Lock and key model),因此藥物分子會與生物靶標存在結合力。使用電腦分子建構技術進行藥物設計可稱為計算機輔助藥物設計(Computer-aided drug design,CADD)。根據對於生物目標的化學結構來進行設計,稱為結構藥物設計(Structure-based drug design)[2]。除了小分子之外,現今包括多肽與單克隆抗體治療在內的眾多生物治療方式,在製藥領域變得越發重要。與此同時,各種提高藥物親和力、選擇性和穩定性的算法在基於蛋白質治療的領域中也持續發展[3]。
基於配體的藥物設計(或間接藥物設計)基於與已知生物靶標與確定分子結合的數據。這些分子可用於推測藥效團模型,即分子中可結合靶標中最小且必要的結構片段[32]。同樣的,構建生物靶標模型可基於與其結合的分子,同時該建模反之可用於設計與靶標相互作用的新化學實體(New chemical entity,NCE)。又或者,該建模還可歸納量化結構-活性關係(QSAR),即通過計算分子性質與實驗測定的生物活性之間的關聯度。這些QSAR關係還可繼續通過計算機模擬迭代,以預測新的候選類似物的生物活性[33]。
Tollenaere JP. The role of structure-based ligand design and molecular modelling in drug discovery. Pharmacy World & Science. Apr 1996, 18 (2): 56–62. PMID 8739258. S2CID 21550508. doi:10.1007/BF00579706.
Waring MJ, Arrowsmith J, Leach AR, Leeson PD, Mandrell S, Owen RM, Pairaudeau G, Pennie WD, Pickett SD, Wang J, Wallace O, Weir A. An analysis of the attrition of drug candidates from four major pharmaceutical companies. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2015, 14 (7): 475–86. PMID 26091267. S2CID 25292436. doi:10.1038/nrd4609.
Yu H, Adedoyin A. ADME-Tox in drug discovery: integration of experimental and computational technologies. Drug Discovery Today. Sep 2003, 8 (18): 852–61. PMID 12963322. doi:10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02828-9.
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A. Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. Oct 2006, 5 (10): 821–34. PMID 17016423. S2CID 8872470. doi:10.1038/nrd2132.
Recanatini M, Bottegoni G, Cavalli A. In silico antitarget screening. Drug Discovery Today: Technologies. Dec 2004, 1 (3): 209–15. PMID 24981487. doi:10.1016/j.ddtec.2004.10.004.
Scomparin A, Polyak D, Krivitsky A, Satchi-Fainaro R. Achieving successful delivery of oligonucleotides - From physico-chemical characterization to in vivo evaluation. Biotechnology Advances. Apr 2015, 33 (6): 1294–309. PMID 25916823. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.008.
Ganellin CR, Jefferis R, Roberts SM. The small molecule drug discovery process — from target selection to candidate selection. Elsevier. 2013. ISBN 9780123971760.
Yuan Y, Pei J, Lai L. Binding site detection and druggability prediction of protein targets for structure-based drug design. Current Pharmaceutical Design. Dec 2013, 19 (12): 2326–33. PMID 23082974. doi:10.2174/1381612811319120019.
Rajamani R, Good AC. Ranking poses in structure-based lead discovery and optimization: current trends in scoring function development. Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development. May 2007, 10 (3): 308–15. PMID 17554857.
de Azevedo WF, Dias R. Computational methods for calculation of ligand-binding affinity. Current Drug Targets. Dec 2008, 9 (12): 1031–9. PMID 19128212. doi:10.2174/138945008786949405.
Becker OM, Dhanoa DS, Marantz Y, Chen D, Shacham S, Cheruku S, Heifetz A, Mohanty P, Fichman M, Sharadendu A, Nudelman R, Kauffman M, Noiman S. An integrated in silico 3D model-driven discovery of a novel, potent, and selective amidosulfonamide 5-HT1A agonist (PRX-00023) for the treatment of anxiety and depression. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Jun 2006, 49 (11): 3116–35. PMID 16722631. doi:10.1021/jm0508641.
Oda A, Tsuchida K, Takakura T, Yamaotsu N, Hirono S. Comparison of consensus scoring strategies for evaluating computational models of protein-ligand complexes. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 2006, 46 (1): 380–91. PMID 16426072. doi:10.1021/ci050283k.
Amari S, Aizawa M, Zhang J, Fukuzawa K, Mochizuki Y, Iwasawa Y, Nakata K, Chuman H, Nakano T. VISCANA: visualized cluster analysis of protein-ligand interaction based on the ab initio fragment molecular orbital method for virtual ligand screening. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 2006, 46 (1): 221–30. PMID 16426058. doi:10.1021/ci050262q.
Drug Design: Structure- and Ligand-Based Approaches 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0521887236.Reynolds CH, Merz KM, Ringe D, eds. (2010). Drug Design: Structure- and Ligand-Based Approaches (1 ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0521887236.
Mauser H, Guba W. Recent developments in de novo design and scaffold hopping. Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development. May 2008, 11 (3): 365–74. PMID 18428090.
Wang R, Gao Y, Lai L. LigBuilder: A Multi-Purpose Program for Structure-Based Drug Design. Journal of Molecular Modeling. 2000, 6 (7–8): 498–516. S2CID 59482623. doi:10.1007/s0089400060498.
Schneider G, Fechner U. Computer-based de novo design of drug-like molecules. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. Aug 2005, 4 (8): 649–63. PMID 16056391. S2CID 2549851. doi:10.1038/nrd1799.
Yuan Y, Pei J, Lai L. Binding site detection and druggability prediction of protein targets for structure-based drug design. Current Pharmaceutical Design. Dec 2013, 19 (12): 2326–33. PMID 23082974. doi:10.2174/1381612811319120019.Yuan Y, Pei J, Lai L (Dec 2013). "Binding site detection and druggability prediction of protein targets for structure-based drug design". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 19 (12): 2326–33. doi:10.2174/1381612811319120019. PMID23082974 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館).
Leis S, Schneider S, Zacharias M. In silico prediction of binding sites on proteins. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2010, 17 (15): 1550–62. PMID 20166931. doi:10.2174/092986710790979944.
Böhm HJ. The development of a simple empirical scoring function to estimate the binding constant for a protein-ligand complex of known three-dimensional structure. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design. Jun 1994, 8 (3): 243–56. Bibcode:1994JCAMD...8..243B. PMID 7964925. S2CID 2491616. doi:10.1007/BF00126743.
Liu J, Wang R. Classification of Current Scoring Functions. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 23 March 2015, 55 (3): 475–482. PMID 25647463. doi:10.1021/ci500731a.
Greer J, Erickson JW, Baldwin JJ, Varney MD. Application of the three-dimensional structures of protein target molecules in structure-based drug design. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Apr 1994, 37 (8): 1035–54. PMID 8164249. doi:10.1021/jm00034a001.
Timmerman H, Gubernator K, Böhm HJ, Mannhold R, Kubinyi H. Structure-based Ligand Design (Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 1998. ISBN 978-3-527-29343-8.