羊駝冠狀病毒

羊駝冠狀病毒
病毒分類
（未分級）：	病毒 Virus
域：	核糖病毒域 Riboviria
界：	正核糖病毒界 Orthornavirae
門：	小核糖病毒門 Pisuviricota
綱：	小南嵌套病毒綱 Pisoniviricetes
目：	套式病毒目 Nidovirales
科：	冠狀病毒科 Coronaviridae
屬：	甲型冠狀病毒屬 Alphacoronavirus
種：	羊駝冠狀病毒 Alpaca Coronavirus

羊駝冠狀病毒（Alpaca Coronavirus、ACoV）是甲型冠狀病毒屬的一種病毒，可感染羊駝，造成急性呼吸道症狀。此病毒與人類冠狀病毒229E的親緣關係非常接近，兩者序列的相似度高達92.2%。

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研究歷史

1998年即有報導指大羊駝與羊駝被冠狀病毒感染，造成嚴重的腹瀉症狀。2007年，美國加州圈養的羊駝發生急性呼吸道感染，染病者多為懷孕的羊駝，有症狀輕微者亦有症狀嚴重致死者，經檢驗發現為一新型冠狀病毒感染所致，即羊駝冠狀病毒^[1]。

目前仍沒有在野生的羊駝中發現此病毒的紀錄，因此此病毒的起源及生態意義尚不明^[2]。

基因組

羊駝冠狀病毒為正義單鏈RNA病毒，具有外膜，其基因組長約27300nt，其序列與人類冠狀病毒229E的相似度高達92.2%^[3]，並可能曾與229E病毒發生重組 ^[4]。除冠狀病毒皆有的複製酶（1a/1b）和刺突蛋白（S）、膜蛋白（M）、外膜蛋白（E）與衣殼蛋白（N）等四種結構蛋白外，此病毒在刺突蛋白與外膜蛋白的基因之間尚有一開放閱讀框ORF4，另外在基因組的最末端有一開放閱讀框ORF8（或稱ORFX），人類冠狀病毒229E不具有ORF8，但該區序列與羊駝冠狀病毒等相近病毒的ORF8相似，可能是在演化過程中丟失了此開放閱讀框^[4]。

參考文獻

[1]
Crossley, Beate M.; Barr, Bradd C.; Magdesian, K. Gary; Ing, Michelle; Mora, Daniel; Jensen, David; Loretti, Alexandre P.; McConnell, Ty; Mock, Richard. Identification of a Novel Coronavirus Possibly Associated with Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Alpacas (Vicugna Pacos) in California, 2007. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2010, 22 (1): 94–97. ISSN 1040-6387. doi:10.1177/104063871002200118.
[2]
Corman, Victor M.; Eckerle, Isabella; Memish, Ziad A.; Liljander, Anne M.; Dijkman, Ronald; Jonsdottir, Hulda; Juma Ngeiywa, Kisi J. Z.; Kamau, Esther; Younan, Mario; Al Masri, Malakita; Assiri, Abdullah; Gluecks, Ilona; Musa, Bakri E.; Meyer, Benjamin; Müller, Marcel A.; Hilali, Mosaad; Bornstein, Set; Wernery, Ulrich; Thiel, Volker; Jores, Joerg; Drexler, Jan Felix; Drosten, Christian. Link of a ubiquitous human coronavirus to dromedary camels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016, 113 (35): 9864–9869. ISSN 0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1604472113.
[3]
Crossley, Beate; Mock, Richard; Callison, Scott; Hietala, Sharon. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Alpaca Respiratory Coronavirus Most Closely Related to the Human Coronavirus 229E. Viruses. 2012, 4 (12): 3689–3700. ISSN 1999-4915. doi:10.3390/v4123689.
[4]
Corman, Victor Max; Baldwin, Heather J.; Tateno, Adriana Fumie; Zerbinati, Rodrigo Melim; Annan, Augustina; Owusu, Michael; Nkrumah, Evans Ewald; Maganga, Gael Darren; Oppong, Samuel; Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw; Vallo, Peter; da Silva Filho, Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira; Leroy, Eric M.; Thiel, Volker; van der Hoek, Lia; Poon, Leo L. M.; Tschapka, Marco; Drosten, Christian; Drexler, Jan Felix; Schultz-Cherry, S. Evidence for an Ancestral Association of Human Coronavirus 229E with Bats. Journal of Virology. 2015, 89 (23): 11858–11870. ISSN 0022-538X. doi:10.1128/JVI.01755-15.

[CrossleyBarr2010-1] [1]
Crossley, Beate M.; Barr, Bradd C.; Magdesian, K. Gary; Ing, Michelle; Mora, Daniel; Jensen, David; Loretti, Alexandre P.; McConnell, Ty; Mock, Richard. Identification of a Novel Coronavirus Possibly Associated with Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Alpacas (Vicugna Pacos) in California, 2007. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2010, 22 (1): 94–97. ISSN 1040-6387. doi:10.1177/104063871002200118.

[CormanEckerle2016-2] [2]
Corman, Victor M.; Eckerle, Isabella; Memish, Ziad A.; Liljander, Anne M.; Dijkman, Ronald; Jonsdottir, Hulda; Juma Ngeiywa, Kisi J. Z.; Kamau, Esther; Younan, Mario; Al Masri, Malakita; Assiri, Abdullah; Gluecks, Ilona; Musa, Bakri E.; Meyer, Benjamin; Müller, Marcel A.; Hilali, Mosaad; Bornstein, Set; Wernery, Ulrich; Thiel, Volker; Jores, Joerg; Drexler, Jan Felix; Drosten, Christian. Link of a ubiquitous human coronavirus to dromedary camels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016, 113 (35): 9864–9869. ISSN 0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1604472113.

[CrossleyMock2012-3] [3]
Crossley, Beate; Mock, Richard; Callison, Scott; Hietala, Sharon. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Alpaca Respiratory Coronavirus Most Closely Related to the Human Coronavirus 229E. Viruses. 2012, 4 (12): 3689–3700. ISSN 1999-4915. doi:10.3390/v4123689.

[CormanBaldwin2015-4] [4]
Corman, Victor Max; Baldwin, Heather J.; Tateno, Adriana Fumie; Zerbinati, Rodrigo Melim; Annan, Augustina; Owusu, Michael; Nkrumah, Evans Ewald; Maganga, Gael Darren; Oppong, Samuel; Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw; Vallo, Peter; da Silva Filho, Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira; Leroy, Eric M.; Thiel, Volker; van der Hoek, Lia; Poon, Leo L. M.; Tschapka, Marco; Drosten, Christian; Drexler, Jan Felix; Schultz-Cherry, S. Evidence for an Ancestral Association of Human Coronavirus 229E with Bats. Journal of Virology. 2015, 89 (23): 11858–11870. ISSN 0022-538X. doi:10.1128/JVI.01755-15.

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