經濟自由

經濟自由用於經濟研究和政策討論。與自由相同，有著不同的定義，當中沒有普遍接受的。^[1]^[2]一個接近經濟自由的定義來自自由意志主義傳統強調的自由市場和私有制，同時延伸到個人選擇的福利經濟學研究，帶更大的經濟自由來自「大」（在一些法律定義中）的對可能的選擇之設定。另一個更冷靜的觀點強調分配公正和每個人的基本自由的背景。^[3]

今天，這個詞通常與古典自由主義（或自由市場）聯繫在一起，並且定義為自由生產、貿易和消費任何商品與服務，而不搶劫、詐騙或偷竊。這體現在法治、財產權和合約自由、以由外部和內部之開放性市場為特徵、保護財產權利和經濟干預之自由。^[4]^[5]^[6]

經濟自由指數試圖衡量（自由市場）經濟自由和基於這些值之發現進行經驗主義研究來提高人民生活水平、經濟增長、收入均等、減少腐敗和減少政治暴力。^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]有時會用經濟指數對各個國家排名，香港和新加坡經常領先。1985年到2005年間，只有少數國家沒有增加他們的經濟自由度指數評分。^[12]一些實證分析表明，該指數沒有與其經濟增長密切相關^[13]，但崩潰組成部分的回歸分析表明，當其他方面影響它時，一些具體的自由有助於經濟增長。^[14]

其他經濟自由概念包括免於貧困之自由（美國總統富蘭克林·羅斯福1941年在美國國會大廈發表演說時提出的「言論自由、信仰自由、免於貧困及免於恐懼之自由」）^[1]^[15]和進行集體談判之自由。^[16]

參考資料

[1]
Bronfenbrenner, Martin, Two Concepts of Economic Freedom, Ethics, 1955, 65 (3): pp.157--170 [2021-07-25], （原始內容存檔於2021-12-23）
[2]
Sen, Amartya, Rationality and Freedom: 9
[3]
Freeman S. (2003). The Cambridge Companion to Rawls p. 4 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Cambridge University Press.
[4]
Economic Freedom and its Measurement. The Encyclopedia of Public Choice 2. Springer: 161–171. 2004. ISBN 978-0-7923-8607-0.
[5]
Surjit S. Bhalla. Freedom and economic growth: a virtuous cycle?. Published in Democracy's Victory and Crisis. (1997). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521575834 p. 205
[6]
David A. Harper. Foundations of Entrepreneurship and Economic Development. (1999). Routledge. ISBN 0415153425 p.57, 64
[7]
Pei, Minxin, Political Institutions, Democracy, and Development, Democracy, Market Economics, and Development, World Bank Publications, 2001, ISBN 9780821348628
[8]
Easton, Stephen T.; Walker, Michael A., Income, growth, and economic freedom, American Economic Review (American Economic Association), May 1997, 87 (2): 328–332
[9]
Ayal, Eliezer B.; Karras, Georgios, Components of economic freedom and growth: an empirical study, Journal of Developing Areas (Western Illinois University), Spring 1998, 32 (3): 327–338
[10]
Scully, Gerald, Economic Freedom, Government Policy, and the Trade-Off Between Equity and Economic Growth, Public Choice (Kluwer Academic Publishers), 2002, 113 (1-2): 77–96
[11]
Berggren, Niclas, Economic Freedom and Equality: Friends or Foes?, Public Choice (Kluwer Academic Publishers), 1999, 100 (3-4): 203–223
[12]
Economic Freedom of the World 2005, Fraser Institute
[13]
De Haan, J. and C. L. J. Siermann (1998). Further Evidence on the Relationship Between Economic Freedom and Economic Growth, Public Choice. 95: 363-380.
[14]
Heckelman, Jac C., Stroup, Michael D. (2000). Which Economic Freedoms Contribute to Growth? Kyklos 53(4):527-44
[15]
Franklin Roosevelt's Annual Address to Congress - The "Four Freedoms". January 6, 1941 [November 10, 2008]. （原始內容存檔於2008-05-29）.
[16]
Jacoby, Daniel. Laboring for Freedom: A New Look at the History of Labor in America (eBook). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe. 1998: 8-9,148,166-167. ISBN 9780585190303.

延伸閱讀

Friedrich Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty
Friedrich Hayek, The Road to Serfdom
Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom
Ludwig von Mises, Economic Freedom and Interventionism （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom

參見

外部連結

Economic Freedom （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Robert A. Lawson of the Fraser Institute at the Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
John Miller, "Free, Free at Last （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）" in Dollars & Sense magazine
The Protection Of Economic Rights & Freedoms

[Bronfenbrenner1955-1] [1]
Bronfenbrenner, Martin, Two Concepts of Economic Freedom, Ethics, 1955, 65 (3): pp.157--170 [2021-07-25], （原始內容存檔於2021-12-23）

[SenRationalityFreedom-2] [2]
Sen, Amartya, Rationality and Freedom: 9

[3] [3]
Freeman S. (2003). The Cambridge Companion to Rawls p. 4 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Cambridge University Press.

[EncyclopediaPubChoice-4] [4]
Economic Freedom and its Measurement. The Encyclopedia of Public Choice 2. Springer: 161–171. 2004. ISBN 978-0-7923-8607-0.

[5] [5]
Surjit S. Bhalla. Freedom and economic growth: a virtuous cycle?. Published in Democracy's Victory and Crisis. (1997). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521575834 p. 205

[6] [6]
David A. Harper. Foundations of Entrepreneurship and Economic Development. (1999). Routledge. ISBN 0415153425 p.57, 64

[7] [7]
Pei, Minxin, Political Institutions, Democracy, and Development, Democracy, Market Economics, and Development, World Bank Publications, 2001, ISBN 9780821348628

[8] [8]
Easton, Stephen T.; Walker, Michael A., Income, growth, and economic freedom, American Economic Review (American Economic Association), May 1997, 87 (2): 328–332

[9] [9]
Ayal, Eliezer B.; Karras, Georgios, Components of economic freedom and growth: an empirical study, Journal of Developing Areas (Western Illinois University), Spring 1998, 32 (3): 327–338

[10] [10]
Scully, Gerald, Economic Freedom, Government Policy, and the Trade-Off Between Equity and Economic Growth, Public Choice (Kluwer Academic Publishers), 2002, 113 (1-2): 77–96

[11] [11]
Berggren, Niclas, Economic Freedom and Equality: Friends or Foes?, Public Choice (Kluwer Academic Publishers), 1999, 100 (3-4): 203–223

[fraser-12] [12]
Economic Freedom of the World 2005, Fraser Institute

[13] [13]
De Haan, J. and C. L. J. Siermann (1998). Further Evidence on the Relationship Between Economic Freedom and Economic Growth, Public Choice. 95: 363-380.

[Heckelman-14] [14]
Heckelman, Jac C., Stroup, Michael D. (2000). Which Economic Freedoms Contribute to Growth? Kyklos 53(4):527-44

[RooseveltFourFreedoms-15] [15]
Franklin Roosevelt's Annual Address to Congress - The "Four Freedoms". January 6, 1941 [November 10, 2008]. （原始內容存檔於2008-05-29）.

[Jacoby1998-16] [16]
Jacoby, Daniel. Laboring for Freedom: A New Look at the History of Labor in America (eBook). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe. 1998: 8-9,148,166-167. ISBN 9780585190303.

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