第二語言習得

第二語言習得（英語：Second-language acquisition，又譯「第二語言獲得」、「二語習得」），指人們學習第二語言的過程。第二語言獲得（常縮寫為SLA）同時亦指研究這一過程的科學學科。第二語言是指一個人除了第一語言之外，另外學習掌握的第二種語言；雖然這個概念名為第二語言獲得，也可以包括第三、第四或以後的語言學習。

背景

第二語言習得是應用語言學下的一個子學科，研究範圍廣泛而且相對年輕。和語言學其他的分支一樣，第二語言習得和心理學、認知心理學及教育學關係密切。

第二語言習得是一個交叉學科，比較難以確定創始日期。^[1]但是有兩篇論文被認為對於現代第二語言習得理論的發展至關重要，即Pit Corder在1967年撰寫的「學習者錯誤的重要性」和Larry Selinker在1972年撰寫的「中介語」。^[2]隨後，該領域在數十年中取得了長足的發展。^[1]

20世紀80年代，人們從多個學科角度和理論維度研究了第二語言習得。現在，該學科的主要理論流派包括：系統功能性語言學、社會文化理論，認知語言學、諾姆·喬姆斯基的普遍語法和聯結主義等。

「習得」(acquisition)這個詞最早用以強調無意識、不自覺學習的過程，^[3]但後來「學習」(learning)與「習得」(acquisition)已經幾乎變成了同義詞。

第二語言習得可以包含對傳統語言的學習，^[4]但是通常不包含多語制學習。大多數第二語言習得的研究人員認為多語制學習是語言習得的最終結果，而不是過程本身，並且這一結果被視為語言流利程度的衡量標準。然而，教育和心理學等領域的作家經常使用雙語來指代所有形式的多種語言。^[5]第二語言習得也不能與外語的習得過程形成對比；與此相反，第二語言的學習和外語學習在不同的情況下涉及相同的基本過程。^[6]

關於「語言到底是怎樣被學會的」這個問題尚有許多爭論。雖然第二語言習得理論很多，但是尚沒有能夠為所有研究者接受的完整解釋。因為該領域是跨學科的，所以這種大一統理論應不會在近期產生。

發展階段

第二語言獲得指的是學習者的行為，而不是語言教學的實踐，雖然教學會影響到語言獲得。

和第一語言習得的比較

學習第二語言的成年人與學習第一語言的兒童至少在三個方面不同：兒童仍在發展他們的大腦，而成年人思想已成熟，成年人至少有一門引導他們思考和說話的第一語言。雖然一些成年的第二語言學習者達到了非常高的水平，某些發音還是會與母語者有所不同。成人語言學習者不擅長母語發音可以用「關鍵期假說」來解釋。當一個學習者的口語表達能力發展抵達瓶頸期時，我們稱之為僵化（fossilization）。

第二語言學習者在講話中所犯的一些錯誤源於他們的母語。例如，說西班牙語的人在學習英語時可能會說「Is raining」（省略了句子的主語）而不是「It Is raining」。第一語言對第二語言的這種影響被稱為負向語言移轉。然而，說法語的人在學習英語時，通常不會犯同樣的錯誤（在「it is raining」中省略「it」）。這是因為在西班牙語中主語可以被省略，而在法語中則不能。以法語為母語的人在說英語時知道要使用代詞句子主語，這是一個正向語言移轉的例子。需要注意的是，錯誤的方式不盡相同；即使兩個具有相同母語的人學習相同的第二語言，他們仍然有潛在可能利用母語的不同部分。同樣地，這兩個人可能在不同形式的語法上發展出近乎母語的流利度。

而且，當人們學習第二語言時，他們說第一語言的方式也會發生微妙的變化。這些變化可以發生在語言的任何方面，比如發音和語法、學習者的手勢和他們可能注意到的語言特徵。例如，以英語為第二語言的法語使用者在法語中發/t/音的方式與僅操法語的人發音不同。甚至在第二語言習得之初就發現了這種發音上的變化；例如，說英語的人在開始學習韓語後，他們的英語發音和英語元音都有所改變。第二語言對第一語言的這些影響促使Vivian Cook提出了multi-competence的想法，她認為一個人所說的不同語言並不是各自獨立的系統，而是其頭腦中的一個相關系統。

語音的發展

語法的發展

詞彙的發展

參見

• 輸入假說
• 社會語言學
• 心理語言學
• 語言習得
• 國際輔助語
• 關鍵期假說
• 輸出假說（英語：Comprehensible output）
• 三明治教學技巧

註釋

1. Gass & Selinker 2008，第1頁. sfn模板錯誤: 多個指向目標 (2個): CITEREFGassSelinker2008 (幫助)
2. VanPatten & Benati 2010，第2–5頁.
3. Krashen (1982) made a sharp distinction between learning and acquisition, using learning to refer to the conscious aspects of the language learning process and acquisition to refer to the subconscious aspects. This strict separation of learning and acquisition is widely regarded as an oversimplification by researchers today, but his hypotheses were very influential and the name has stuck.
4. Gass & Selinker 2008，第21–24頁. sfn模板錯誤: 多個指向目標 (2個): CITEREFGassSelinker2008 (幫助)
5. Gass & Selinker 2008，第24–25頁. sfn模板錯誤: 多個指向目標 (2個): CITEREFGassSelinker2008 (幫助)
6. Ellis 1997，第3頁.

參考資料

• Gass, Susan M; Selinker, Larry. Second language acquisition: an introductory course. New York: Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group. 2008 [2021-09-03]. ISBN 978-0-8058-5497-8. OCLC 155756544. （原始內容存檔於2021-09-03） （英語）.

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延伸閱讀

• Cook, V. and Singleton, D. (2014). Key Topics in Second Language Acquisition. Bristol: Multilingual Matters
• Ellis, Rod. (2007). Educational Settings and Second Language Learning. Volume 9 Asian EFL Journal. [1]
• Ellis, Rod. (2005). Principles of Instructed Language Learning （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Volume 7 Asian EFL Journal.
• Lightbown, P. and Spada, N. (2006). How Languages are Learned. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2nd edition. [ISBN 0-19-442224-0]
• Lin, G. H. C. (2008). "Lin, G. H. C. (2008). Pedagogies proving Krashen’s theory of affective filter , Hwa Kang Journal of English Language & Literature, Vol, 14, pp.113–131 ERIC Collection as ED503681 [2]
• Ellis, Rod. The Interaction Hypothesis A critical evaluation: 37. 1991 [2015-05-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-28）. – on Michael H. Long's Interaction Hypothesis
• Mangubhai, F. (2006). "What do we know about learning and teaching second languages: Implications for teaching " Asian EFL Journal Vol 8. 2006 [3]
• McKay, Sharon; Schaetzel, Kirsten, Facilitating Adult Learner Interactions to Build Listening and Speaking Skills （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, CAELA Network Briefs, CAELA and Center for Applied Linguistics
• Mitchell, R. and Myles, F. (2004). Second Language Learning Theories (2nd ed). London: Hodder Arnold.
• Norris, J. M., & Ortega, L. (2006). (Eds.). Synthesizing research on language learning and teaching. John Benjamins: Amsterdam/Philadelphia.
• Ortega, L. (2009). Understanding Second Language Acquisition. London: Hodder Arnold.
• Ortega, L. (2010). Second language acquisition. Critical concepts in linguistics. London: Routledge. [ISBN 978-0-415-45020-1]
• Oxford, R,. & Lee, K. (2008). Understanding EFL Learners』 Strategy Use and Strategy Awareness.[4]
• Robertson, P. & Nunn, R. (2007). The Study of Second Language Acquisition in the Asian Context [5]
• Tarone, E. & Swierzbin, B. (2009). Exploring Learner Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Thomas, M. (2009). Handbook of Research on Web 2.0 and Second Language Learning. IGI Global Sippnet.
• White, L. (2003). Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

外部連結

• Center for Applied Linguistics （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） homepage
• Didactics of English. A lecture series in SLA by Timothy Mason, run from 1993 to 2002 at the Université of Versailles St. Quentin.
• Second Language Acquisition Topics by Vivian Cook: information on SLA, applied linguistics and language teaching research, including a large bibliography.