穿孔素

穿孔素1
Perforin 1
穿孔素1; Perforin 1
	一個包含Plu-MACPF蛋白的MACPF域結構PDB 2QP2 MACPF域用青色/粉紅色表示；而?棱鏡域則是用橘色表示；兩個鈣原子則是用灰色表示
標識
代號	PRF1; FLH2; HPLH2; P1; PFN1; PFP
擴展標識	遺傳學：170280 鼠基因：97551 同源基因：3698 ChEMBL: 5480 GeneCards: PRF1 Gene
基因本體論描述
分子功能	· calcium ion binding; · protein binding; · wide pore channel activity;
細胞成分	· extracellular region; · plasma membrane; · membrane; · integral component of membrane; · cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle; · endosome lumen; · cytolytic granule;
生物過程	· defense response to tumor cell; · immune response to tumor cell; · apoptotic process; · cellular defense response; · cytolysis; · protein homooligomerization; · defense response to virus; · transmembrane transport;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA表達模式
	更多表達數據
直系同源體
物種	人類
Entrez	5551
Ensembl	ENSG00000180644
UniProt	P14222
mRNA序列	NM_001083116
蛋白序列	NP_001076585
基因位置	Chr 10:; 72.36 – 72.36 Mb
PubMed查詢	[1]
	閱; 論; 編;

穿孔素（英語：Perforin）是人體內一類由PRF1基因編碼的蛋白質^[2]^[3]^[4]。

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功能

穿孔素是一種由細胞毒性T細胞或自然殺傷細胞分泌的細胞溶解（英語：Cytolysis）蛋白質。它們會插入靶細胞的細胞膜中，並形成孔隙。穿孔素的MACPF（英語：MACPF）域能夠促使細胞溶解^[5]。該域與革蘭氏陽性菌的膽固醇依賴性溶細胞素有一定的同源型^[1]。

穿孔素在結構上和功能上與補體成分9（C9）具有一些共同點。比如說，穿孔素可以像補體成分9那樣在細胞膜上形成能夠非特異性地裂解多種靶細胞的孔洞。穿孔素是促細胞溶解顆粒中的一種主要促細胞裂解蛋白，在由T細胞和天然殺傷細胞介導的細胞溶解中起關鍵作用^[4]。它通過在細胞膜上產生孔洞，從而讓鈣離子大量流入細胞，使得靶細胞啓動細胞膜的修復機制。上述的修復機制可讓穿孔素和顆粒酶進入早期內涵體^[6]。

臨床意義

有缺陷的PRF1等位基因純合會導致2型噬血細胞綜合癥（英語：hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis），一種罕見的致死性幼年期常染色體隱性遺傳病^[4]。

相互作用

數據表明，穿孔素可與鈣網蛋白（英語：calreticulin）發生蛋白質交互作用^[7]。

參見

顆粒酶（英語：Granzyme）
防禦素

參考

[1]
Rosado CJ, Buckle AM, Law RH, Butcher RE, Kan WT, Bird CH, Ung K, Browne KA, Baran K, Bashtannyk-Puhalovich TA, Faux NG, Wong W, Porter CJ, Pike RN, Ellisdon AM, Pearce MC, Bottomley SP, Emsley J, Smith AI, Rossjohn J, Hartland EL, Voskoboinik I, Trapani JA, Bird PI, Dunstone MA, Whisstock JC. A common fold mediates vertebrate defense and bacterial attack. Science. 2007, 317 (5844): 1548–51. PMID 17717151. doi:10.1126/science.1144706.
[2]
Fink TM, Zimmer M, Weitz S, Tschopp J, Jenne DE, Lichter P. Human perforin (PRF1) maps to 10q22, a region that is syntenic with mouse chromosome 10. Genomics. Sep 1992, 13 (4): 1300–2. PMID 1505959. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90050-3.
[3]
Shinkai Y, Yoshida MC, Maeda K, Kobata T, Maruyama K, Yodoi J, Yagita H, Okumura K. Molecular cloning and chromosomal assignment of a human perforin (PFP) gene. Immunogenetics. Jan 1990, 30 (6): 452–7. PMID 2592021. doi:10.1007/BF02421177.
[4]
Entrez Gene: PRF1 perforin 1 (pore forming protein).
[5]
Tschopp J, Masson D, Stanley KK. Structural/functional similarity between proteins involved in complement- and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. Nature. 1986, 322 (6082): 831–4. PMID 2427956. doi:10.1038/322831a0.
[6]
Thiery J, Keefe D, Boulant S, Boucrot E, Walch M, Martinvalet D, Goping IS, Bleackley RC, Kirchhausen T, Lieberman J. Perforin pores in the endosomal membrane trigger the release of endocytosed granzyme B into the cytosol of target cells. Nat. Immunol. 2011, 12 (8): 770–7. PMC 3140544 . PMID 21685908. doi:10.1038/ni.2050.
[7]
Andrin C, Pinkoski MJ, Burns K; et al. Interaction between a Ca2+-binding protein calreticulin and perforin, a component of the cytotoxic T-cell granules. Biochemistry. July 1998, 37 (29): 10386–94. PMID 9671507. doi:10.1021/bi980595z.

拓展閱讀

Trapani JA. Target cell apoptosis induced by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells involves synergy between the pore-forming protein, perforin, and the serine protease, granzyme B. Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine. 1996, 25 (6): 793–9. PMID 8770355. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1995.tb02883.x.
Peitsch MC, Amiguet P, Guy R; et al. Localization and molecular modelling of the membrane-inserted domain of the ninth component of human complement and perforin. Mol. Immunol. 1990, 27 (7): 589–602. PMID 2395434. doi:10.1016/0161-5890(90)90001-G.
Young JD, Hengartner H, Podack ER, Cohn ZA. Purification and characterization of a cytolytic pore-forming protein from granules of cloned lymphocytes with natural killer activity. Cell. 1986, 44 (6): 849–59. PMID 2420467. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90007-3.
Young JD, Cohn ZA, Podack ER. The ninth component of complement and the pore-forming protein (perforin 1) from cytotoxic T cells: structural, immunological, and functional similarities. Science. 1986, 233 (4760): 184–90. PMID 2425429. doi:10.1126/science.2425429.
Lichtenheld MG, Podack ER. Structure of the human perforin gene. A simple gene organization with interesting potential regulatory sequences. J. Immunol. 1990, 143 (12): 4267–74. PMID 2480391.
Shinkai Y, Takio K, Okumura K. Homology of perforin to the ninth component of complement (C9). Nature. 1988, 334 (6182): 525–7. PMID 3261391. doi:10.1038/334525a0.
Lichtenheld MG, Olsen KJ, Lu P; et al. Structure and function of human perforin. Nature. 1988, 335 (6189): 448–51. PMID 3419519. doi:10.1038/335448a0.
Goebel WS, Schloemer RH, Brahmi Z. Target cell-induced perforin mRNA turnover in NK3.3 cells is mediated by multiple elements within the mRNA coding region. Mol. Immunol. 1996, 33 (4–5): 341–9. PMID 8676885. doi:10.1016/0161-5890(95)00155-7.
Nöske K, Bilzer T, Planz O, Stitz L. Virus-Specific CD4+ T Cells Eliminate Borna Disease Virus from the Brain via Induction of Cytotoxic CD8+ T Cells. J. Virol. 1998, 72 (5): 4387–95. PMC 109669 . PMID 9557729.
Andrin C, Pinkoski MJ, Burns K; et al. Interaction between a Ca2+-binding protein calreticulin and perforin, a component of the cytotoxic T-cell granules. Biochemistry. 1998, 37 (29): 10386–94. PMID 9671507. doi:10.1021/bi980595z.
Yu CR, Ortaldo JR, Curiel RE; et al. Role of a STAT binding site in the regulation of the human perforin promoter. J. Immunol. 1999, 162 (5): 2785–90. PMID 10072525.
Stepp SE, Dufourcq-Lagelouse R, Le Deist F; et al. Perforin gene defects in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Science. 1999, 286 (5446): 1957–9. PMID 10583959. doi:10.1126/science.286.5446.1957.
Takahashi T, Nieda M, Koezuka Y; et al. Analysis of human V alpha 24+ CD4+ NKT cells activated by alpha-glycosylceramide-pulsed monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 2000, 164 (9): 4458–64. PMID 10779745. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.9.4458.
Badovinac VP, Tvinnereim AR, Harty JT. Regulation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell homeostasis by perforin and interferon-gamma. Science. 2000, 290 (5495): 1354–8. PMID 11082062. doi:10.1126/science.290.5495.1354.
Göransdotter Ericson K, Fadeel B, Nilsson-Ardnor S; et al. Spectrum of Perforin Gene Mutations in Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2001, 68 (3): 590–7. PMC 1274472 . PMID 11179007. doi:10.1086/318796.
Clementi R, zur Stadt U, Savoldi G; et al. Six novel mutations in the PRF1 gene in children with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. J. Med. Genet. 2002, 38 (9): 643–6. PMC 1734943 . PMID 11565555. doi:10.1136/jmg.38.9.643.
Ambach A, Bonnekoh B, Gollnick H. Perforin granule release from cytotoxic lymphocytes ex vivo is inhibited by ciclosporin but not by methotrexate. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 2001, 14 (5): 249–60. PMID 11586066. doi:10.1159/000056355.

外部連結

醫學主題詞表（MeSH）：perforin

[macpfstructure-1] [1]
Rosado CJ, Buckle AM, Law RH, Butcher RE, Kan WT, Bird CH, Ung K, Browne KA, Baran K, Bashtannyk-Puhalovich TA, Faux NG, Wong W, Porter CJ, Pike RN, Ellisdon AM, Pearce MC, Bottomley SP, Emsley J, Smith AI, Rossjohn J, Hartland EL, Voskoboinik I, Trapani JA, Bird PI, Dunstone MA, Whisstock JC. A common fold mediates vertebrate defense and bacterial attack. Science. 2007, 317 (5844): 1548–51. PMID 17717151. doi:10.1126/science.1144706.

[pmid1505959-2] [2]
Fink TM, Zimmer M, Weitz S, Tschopp J, Jenne DE, Lichter P. Human perforin (PRF1) maps to 10q22, a region that is syntenic with mouse chromosome 10. Genomics. Sep 1992, 13 (4): 1300–2. PMID 1505959. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90050-3.

[pmid2592021-3] [3]
Shinkai Y, Yoshida MC, Maeda K, Kobata T, Maruyama K, Yodoi J, Yagita H, Okumura K. Molecular cloning and chromosomal assignment of a human perforin (PFP) gene. Immunogenetics. Jan 1990, 30 (6): 452–7. PMID 2592021. doi:10.1007/BF02421177.

[entrez-4] [4]
Entrez Gene: PRF1 perforin 1 (pore forming protein).

[5] [5]
Tschopp J, Masson D, Stanley KK. Structural/functional similarity between proteins involved in complement- and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. Nature. 1986, 322 (6082): 831–4. PMID 2427956. doi:10.1038/322831a0.

[pmid21685908-6] [6]
Thiery J, Keefe D, Boulant S, Boucrot E, Walch M, Martinvalet D, Goping IS, Bleackley RC, Kirchhausen T, Lieberman J. Perforin pores in the endosomal membrane trigger the release of endocytosed granzyme B into the cytosol of target cells. Nat. Immunol. 2011, 12 (8): 770–7. PMC 3140544 . PMID 21685908. doi:10.1038/ni.2050.

[pmid9671507-7] [7]
Andrin C, Pinkoski MJ, Burns K; et al. Interaction between a Ca2+-binding protein calreticulin and perforin, a component of the cytotoxic T-cell granules. Biochemistry. July 1998, 37 (29): 10386–94. PMID 9671507. doi:10.1021/bi980595z.

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[4]

[1]

[5]

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